本文關(guān)鍵詞：我國主要麥區(qū)小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量和關(guān)鍵營養(yǎng)元素含量評價(jià)及調(diào)控　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 小麥 蛋白質(zhì) 鐵 鋅 硒 推薦施氮

【摘要】：小麥在世界和我國糧食生產(chǎn)中占有至關(guān)重要的位置。在有限而日益減少的耕地面積上,提高單產(chǎn)是小麥生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵。氮是蛋白質(zhì)的主要構(gòu)成成分,蛋白質(zhì)是小麥的重要品質(zhì)指標(biāo),在欠發(fā)達(dá)國家如中國,膳食蛋白的攝入在很大程度上依賴于谷物蛋白質(zhì)。膳食蛋白質(zhì)提供的氨基酸,在調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體生長以及修復(fù)、維持、更新組織方面起著重要作用。鐵、鋅、硒是人體必需微量元素,全世界約有一半人口不同程度存在微量元素匱乏問題。小麥?zhǔn)俏覈绕涫潜狈降貐^(qū)居民膳食蛋白質(zhì)和微量元素?cái)z入的主要來源,了解并提高小麥籽粒中蛋白質(zhì)含量和微量元素尤其是較為缺乏的鐵鋅硒含量狀況對改善人體健康和營養(yǎng)有著重要意義。鑒于此,本研究采集了我國22個小麥生產(chǎn)省(自治區(qū)、直轄市)共655份田間小麥籽粒樣品,測定了小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)、氨基酸、鐵、鋅和硒含量;并根據(jù)1212和1110組施氮量-產(chǎn)量和施氮量-蛋白質(zhì)含量數(shù)據(jù),建立了施氮量-產(chǎn)量和施氮量-蛋白質(zhì)含量的回歸關(guān)系,進(jìn)而確定了合適的施氮量,以保證較高產(chǎn)量和蛋白質(zhì)含量;并在14個省(市)的30個國家小麥產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)體系綜合試驗(yàn)站開展了葉面噴施硒肥田間試驗(yàn),研究了小麥籽粒硒含量的影響因素及提高硒含量的農(nóng)藝措施,主要得到以下結(jié)論:1.多年多點(diǎn)采樣測定結(jié)果表明,我國主要麥區(qū)小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量較低,賴氨酸為第一限制性氨基酸,賴氨酸含量和必需氨基酸占氨基酸總量的比例低影響了小麥蛋白質(zhì)的營養(yǎng)價(jià)值。春、冬小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量平均分別為13.7%、12.7%。春小麥中符合強(qiáng)、中、弱筋蛋白質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的樣品分別占45%、22%、33%,而冬小麥樣品的比例分別為18%、24%、58%。春、冬小麥必需氨基酸占氨基酸總量的比例二者均為28.8%。小麥籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量呈現(xiàn)出北高南低、東高西低的趨勢,必需氨基酸含量和總量呈現(xiàn)出東高西低的趨勢。賴氨酸為第一限制性氨基酸,春、冬小麥氨基酸評分平均值分別為53和56。春、冬小麥組氨酸、色氨酸以外的各氨基酸含量之間均極顯著正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)在0.3以上;各氨基酸含量均與蛋白質(zhì)含量極顯著正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)在0.2-0.4以上;必需氨基酸占氨基酸總量的比例與蛋白質(zhì)含量極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)均為-0.31。2.通過多年多點(diǎn)采樣測定與田間試驗(yàn)研究,提出了兼顧小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量和蛋白質(zhì)含量的氮肥推薦方法,評價(jià)了該方法的氮肥效率、經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和環(huán)境效應(yīng)。在我國冬小麥-夏玉米輪作區(qū)、冬小麥-水稻輪作區(qū)和北方旱作冬麥區(qū),小麥季的氮肥推薦施用量為208-230、150-195和117-134 kg ha-1,施氮量接近或低于調(diào)研農(nóng)戶的平均施氮量,小麥產(chǎn)量卻比農(nóng)戶平均產(chǎn)量提高1%-19%,蛋白質(zhì)含量提高2-9個百分點(diǎn)。與過量施氮的農(nóng)戶相比,推薦施氮量平均降低氮肥投入39-84 kg ha-1,卻使小麥產(chǎn)量增加4%-28%,蛋白質(zhì)含量提高2-8個百分點(diǎn),氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力增加7-24 kg kg-1,經(jīng)濟(jì)收益增加564-2951元ha-1,此外,使收獲后土壤殘留無機(jī)氮含量、整個小麥季硝酸鹽淋溶量和氧化亞氮排放量分別降低8%-27%、29%-52%和19%-36%。3.多年多點(diǎn)采樣測定表明,我國主要麥區(qū)小麥籽粒鐵、鋅含量較低,鐵、鋅含量與產(chǎn)量均極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。春、冬小麥籽粒平均產(chǎn)量分別為5423、6565 kg ha-1,鐵含量分別為48.2、45.1 mg kg-1,鋅含量分別為30.4、30.3 mg kg-1。春、冬小麥分別有63%、72%樣本鐵含量低于推薦量50 mg kg-1,88%、87%樣本鋅含量低于推薦量40 mg kg-1。從區(qū)域上看,小麥產(chǎn)量較高的地區(qū)鐵和鋅含量較低。春、冬小麥籽粒的鐵含量與鋅含量均極顯著正相關(guān),籽粒鋅含量每增加1 mg kg-1,春、冬小麥籽粒鐵含量相應(yīng)增加0.6、0.3 mg kg-1。鐵、鋅含量與產(chǎn)量均極顯著負(fù)相關(guān),產(chǎn)量每增加1000 kg ha-1,春、冬小麥籽粒鐵含量降低2.1、1.3 mg kg-1,鋅含量降低0.9、1.3 mg kg-1。春、冬小麥中均存在高鐵高鋅含量和產(chǎn)量較高的樣品,表明通過品種選育、施肥或其他措施可將小麥籽粒的鐵、鋅含量提高到推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)以上,同時維持較高的產(chǎn)量。4.多年多點(diǎn)采樣測定和多點(diǎn)葉噴硒肥田間試驗(yàn)表明,我國主要麥區(qū)小麥籽粒硒含量較低,籽粒硒含量與土壤有效硒含量、拔節(jié)前植株硒含量正相關(guān),葉噴硒肥是提高籽粒硒含量的有效措施。小麥籽粒硒含量平均為64.6μg kg-1,遠(yuǎn)不能滿足以小麥為主食人群對硒的營養(yǎng)需求,未發(fā)現(xiàn)籽粒硒含量達(dá)到中毒水平。硒含量在不同區(qū)域表現(xiàn)為北部高于南部、西部高于東部。葉面噴施亞硒酸鈉對小麥籽粒產(chǎn)量無顯著影響,卻使籽粒硒含量顯著提高。每施用1 g Se ha-1,籽粒硒含量平均提高5.3μg kg-1,施用51 g Se ha-1可將硒含量從平均31μg kg-1提高到300μg kg-1以上。小麥籽粒硒含量不受產(chǎn)量的影響,但不噴硒時籽粒硒含量與0-20 cm土層土壤有效硒含量和拔節(jié)前植株硒含量分別呈顯著和極顯著正相關(guān)。土壤有效硒含量在6.3-30.7μg kg-1之間每增加1.0μg kg-1,不噴硒籽粒硒含量平均增加2.1μg kg-1,拔節(jié)前植株硒含量在0-147.2μg kg-1之間每增加1.0μg kg-1,不噴硒籽粒硒含量平均增加0.7μg kg-1。噴硒后籽粒硒含量和硒強(qiáng)化指數(shù)均與拔節(jié)前植株硒含量極顯著正相關(guān)。拔節(jié)前植株硒含量每增加1.0μg kg-1,噴硒籽粒硒含量平均增加5.7μg kg-1,籽粒硒強(qiáng)化指數(shù)平均增加0.043μg kg-1(g ha-1)-1。
[Abstract]:Wheat occupies a crucial position in the world and in China's grain production. In the limited and decreasing area of cultivated land, raising the yield is the key to the production of wheat. Nitrogen is the main constituent of protein. Protein is an important quality index of wheat. In less developed countries such as China, dietary protein intake largely depends on cereal protein. The amino acid provided by dietary protein plays an important role in regulating the growth of the body and repairing, maintaining and renewing the tissue. Iron, zinc and selenium are essential trace elements in the human body, and about half of the world's population exist in different degrees of trace element deficiency. Wheat is in China is a major source of dietary protein and trace element intake residents in northern area, understand and improve the wheat grain protein content and trace elements especially iron zinc and selenium content in lack of great significance for the improvement of human health and nutrition. In view of this, this study collected 22 wheat production in our province (autonomous regions and municipalities) a total of 655 field samples of wheat, wheat protein, amino acids, iron, zinc and selenium content was determined; and according to the 1212 data and 1110 sets of nitrogen yield and nitrogen - protein content. To establish the regression relationship between nitrogen yield and nitrogen content of the protein, and then determine the appropriate amount of nitrogen to ensure the yield and the protein content is high; and in 14 provinces (city) wheat industry technology system of 30 national comprehensive experimental station carried out spraying se fertilizer field experiment, factors to study the effects of selenium content of wheat grain and improve the agronomic measures of selenium content, the main conclusions are as follows: 1. years of multi sampling results showed that China's wheat grain protein content is low, lysine is the first limiting amino acid, lysine The low ratio of content and essential amino acids to the total amino acid affects the nutritional value of wheat protein. The average protein content of spring and winter wheat grains was 13.7% and 12.7% respectively. In spring wheat, the samples were 45%, 22% and 33%, which conformed to the protein standard of strong, medium and weak tendons respectively, while the proportion of winter wheat samples were 18%, 24% and 58%, respectively. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amount of amino acids in spring and winter wheat was 28.8% of the two. The protein content of wheat grain showed a trend of low north and low in the South and East High West, and the content and total amount of essential amino acids showed a trend of low East and West. Lysine is the first limiting amino acid, and the average value of amino acid score of spring and winter wheat is 53 and 56, respectively. Between spring and winter wheat than histidine, tryptophan each amino acid content were significantly correlated, the correlation coefficient was above 0.3; the content of amino acid and protein content was significantly positively correlated, correlation coefficient is more than 0.2-0.4; the essential amino acids accounted for the proportion of the total amino acid and protein content were significantly negatively correlated, the correlation coefficient was -0.31. 2., through multi-year sampling and field trials, a recommendation method of nitrogen fertilizer considering grain yield and protein content of wheat was put forward. The nitrogen efficiency, economic benefit and environmental effect of the method were evaluated. In the winter wheat summer maize rotation in China area, winter wheat and rice rotation area and the northern dryland winter wheat region, wheat season, nitrogen fertilizer recommendation rate of 208-230 150-195 and 117-134 kg HA-1, the average amount of nitrogen nitrogen close to or below the survey of farmers, wheat yield than the average yield of farmers increased 1%-19% protein the content increased by 2-9 percentage points. Compared with the excessive nitrogen fertilization of farmers, reduce the average recommended nitrogen fertilizer input 39-84 kg HA-1, but the increase of wheat yield 4%-28%, protein content increased by 2-8 percentage points, 7-24 kg kg-1 increased the nitrogen partial productivity, increase economic benefits 564-2951 yuan HA-1, in addition, the inorganic nitrogen content, residual soil after harvesting the wheat season nitrate salt leaching and Nitrous Oxide emissions were reduced by 8%-27%, 29%-52% and 19%-36%. 3. years of multi sampling determination showed that China's wheat grain iron and zinc content is low, the content and yield of zinc and iron were significantly negatively correlated. The average grain yield of spring and winter wheat were 5423 and 6565 kg HA-1 respectively, and the iron content was 48.2 and 45.1 mg kg-1 respectively, and the zinc content was 30.4 and 30.3 mg kg-1 respectively. The iron content in 63% and 72% samples of spring and winter wheat were lower than the recommended amount of 50 mg kg-1,88%, and the content of zinc in 87% samples was lower than the recommended amount of 40 mg kg-1. From the region, the iron and zinc content in the region with high wheat yield is low. The iron content in spring and winter wheat grain was significantly positively correlated with zinc content. The grain zinc content increased 1 mg kg-1, and the iron content in spring and winter wheat increased by 0.6 and 0.3 mg kg-1, respectively. Iron and zinc contents were significantly negatively correlated with yield. When the yield increased by 1000 kg HA-1, the grain iron content in spring and winter wheat decreased by 2.1, 1.3 mg kg-1, and zinc content decreased by 0.9, 1.3 mg kg-1. High concentration of iron and zinc content and high yield were found in spring and winter wheat in the sample, that through breeding, fertilization or other measures can be grain iron and zinc content increased to more than the recommended standard, while maintaining high yield. 4. years of multi point and multi point sampling determination of leaf spraying se fertilizer field experiments showed that China's wheat grain selenium content is low, the jointing grain selenium content and soil available Se content, plant selenium content is related to foliar selenium fertilizer is an effective measure to improve the selenium content of grain. The average content of selenium in wheat grain was 64.6 g kg-1, which could not meet the nutritional requirements of wheat as the main cannibal, and the content of grain selenium was not found to reach the level of poisoning. The selenium content in the north is higher than the South and the west is higher than the East in the north. The spraying of sodium selenite on leaf surface had no significant effect on the grain yield of wheat, but increased the content of grain significantly. With each application of 1 g Se HA-1, the grain selenium content increased by 5.3 mu g kg-1, and the application of 51 g Se HA-1 to the selenium content
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S512.1
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本文編號：1344410