本文關(guān)鍵詞：華北平原優(yōu)化農(nóng)作條件下作物生產(chǎn)和溫室氣體減排研究　出處：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 種植模式 產(chǎn)量 水氮利用效率 NGWP 硝化抑制劑 脲酶抑制劑 N_2O排放途徑

【摘要】：華北平原是我國重要的糧食產(chǎn)區(qū)之一,冬小麥-夏玉米輪作是該區(qū)最主要的種植模式。近年來,高水肥投入實現(xiàn)了糧食高產(chǎn),但同時也增加了溫室氣體排放。因此,在糧食高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)條件下實現(xiàn)資源高效和溫室氣體減排是我國農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的迫切需求。針對氮肥過量施用和水資源緊缺的問題,2008年和2012年分別開展了不同種植模式(試驗1)和硝化/脲酶抑制劑(試驗2)的長期定位試驗。試驗1包括七個處理(模式):農(nóng)民常規(guī)(CON)、優(yōu)化(OPT)、免耕(NT)、節(jié)水Ⅰ(WSⅠ)、節(jié)水Ⅱ(WSⅡ)、保水(WR)和有機(jī)(ORG),該試驗統(tǒng)籌了水氮管理、秸稈管理、耕作制度、種植制度等因素。試驗2設(shè)置了五個處理:無氮(CK)、尿素(U)、尿素添加硝化抑制劑(NI)、尿素添加脲酶抑制劑(UI)和尿素添加硝化抑制劑+脲酶抑制劑(NIUI)。本研究基于以上兩個長期定位試驗,通過田間原位觀測,系統(tǒng)的研究了多年來不同種植模式對作物產(chǎn)量、水氮利用、N_2O和CH4排放及凈增溫勢(Net global warming potential,NGWP)和溫室氣體排放強(qiáng)度(Greenhouse gas intensity,GHGI)的影響;檢驗了多年硝化和脲酶抑制劑對糧食增產(chǎn)和N_2O減排的效果;分析了華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作生產(chǎn)過程中土壤N_2O產(chǎn)生途徑。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)與農(nóng)民常規(guī)種植模式(CON)相比,優(yōu)化種植模式可以有效的降低水氮投入,提高水氮利用效率。在6年的輪作周期中,通過平衡施肥和優(yōu)化灌溉等措施,優(yōu)化種植模式(OPT和NT)相比CON分別降低氮肥和灌溉水用量44%和33%,并保持產(chǎn)量不降低和高的穩(wěn)定性,氮肥利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分別提高了 69-75%和43-48%。其它幾種優(yōu)化種植模式(WSⅠ、WSⅡ、WR和ORG)通過改變種植制度并結(jié)合水氮優(yōu)化管理,相對于CON處理,雖然產(chǎn)量下降了22-61%,但是氮肥和灌溉水投入分別降低了 56-79%和46-64%,利用效率分別提高了 56-190%和11-57%。(2)與農(nóng)民常規(guī)種植模式(CON)相比,6種優(yōu)化種植模式均能顯著降低N_2O排放量、NGWP和GHGI。N_2O排放、氮肥投入和灌溉耗電是農(nóng)田溫室氣體的3大主要排放源;CH4吸收引起的固碳作用可以忽略。研究期間,OPT、NT、WSⅠ、WSⅡ、WR和ORG處理相比CON處理分別降低了 N_2O 排放 29%、30%、33%、40%、23%和 41%,NGWP 分別減少 31%、33%、46%、52%、48%和61%,每生產(chǎn)1噸糧食(以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)谷物產(chǎn)量為準(zhǔn))少排放199、204、220、207、42和206 kg CO2-eq。所有處理中N20排放、氮肥投入和灌溉耗電引起的溫室效應(yīng)占總排放的比例分別是15-22%、24-45%和23-45%。農(nóng)田土壤是CH4的匯,但是由CH4吸收引起的固碳作用只能抵消農(nóng)田溫室氣體凈排放的1%不到。(3)尿素中添加硝化抑制劑(DMPP)不僅可以顯著降低華北平原冬小麥-夏玉米輪作系統(tǒng)N_2O排放還可以提高產(chǎn)量和氮素利用率。脲酶抑制劑(NBPT)與DMPP共同使用時,DMPP的減排效果會被NBPT降低。經(jīng)過3年試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),相比U處理,NI、NIUI和UI處理分別降低玉米季N_2O排放55%、40%和21%,分別降低小麥季N_2O排放47%、40%和33%。NIUI、NI和UI相比U處理分別增加年度產(chǎn)量7%、6%和4%,分別提高年度氮素利用率15%、10%和7%。(4)硝化作用對于施肥后N_2O排放峰值的貢獻(xiàn)最多達(dá)40%,硝化微生物反硝化作用可能是施肥后N_2O排放的主要途徑。DMPP通過抑制硝化作用和硝化微生物反硝化作用實現(xiàn)N20的減排。
[Abstract]:The North China Plain is one of the most important grain producing areas in China, and winter wheat and summer corn rotation is the most important planting pattern in this area. In recent years, high water and fertilizer input has achieved high grain yield, but also increased greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, it is an urgent need for the sustainable development of agriculture to achieve efficient resources and greenhouse gas emission reduction under the condition of high and stable grain yield. Aiming at the problem of over application of nitrogen fertilizer and shortage of water resources, long-term location experiments of different planting modes (Experiment 1) and nitrifying / urease inhibitors (test 2) were carried out in 2008 and 2012 respectively. The experiment 1 consisted of seven treatments: mode CON, OPT, no tillage (NT), water saving I (WS I), water saving II (WS II), water holding (WR) and organic (ORG). The experiment integrated water and nitrogen management, straw management, cropping system and cropping system. In Experiment 2, five treatments were set up: nitrogen free (CK), urea (U), urea adding nitrification inhibitor (NI), urea added urease inhibitor (UI), urea adding nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor (NIUI). This study is based on more than two long-term experiments, through field observation, systematic study of the years of different planting patterns on crop yield, water and nitrogen use, N_2O and CH4 emissions and increase temperature potential (Net global warming potential, NGWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (Greenhouse gas intensity, GHGI) the effect of inspection; the effects of years of nitrification and urease inhibitors on grain production and N_2O emission reduction; analysis of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain rotation in the production process of soil N_2O production pathway. The main results are as follows: (1) compared with the farmers' conventional planting model (CON), the optimized planting model can effectively reduce the water and nitrogen input and improve the efficiency of water and nitrogen utilization. In the 6 year of the rotation cycle, through balanced fertilization and irrigation measures, optimizing planting patterns (OPT and NT) in CON were reduced nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation water consumption of 44% and 33%, and to maintain production and high stability, nitrogen use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were increased by 69-75% and 43-48%. Several other optimization planting patterns (WS I and WS II, WR and ORG) by changing the cropping system and optimize water and nitrogen management, compared to CON treatment, while the yield was decreased by 22-61%, but the nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation water inputs were reduced by 56-79% and 46-64%, 56-190% and 11-57% to improve the utilization efficiency respectively. (2) compared with the farmers' conventional planting model (CON), the 6 optimized planting patterns could significantly reduce the N_2O emissions, NGWP and GHGI. N_2O emission, nitrogen fertilizer input and irrigation power consumption are the 3 main emission sources of greenhouse gas in farmland, and carbon sequestration caused by CH4 absorption can be ignored. During the study period, OPT, NT, WS I and WS II, WR and ORG compared with CON treatment were decreased by 29%, 30%, N_2O emissions of 33%, 40%, 23% and 41% NGWP, respectively, 33%, 46%, 31% reduction in 52%, 48% and 61%, each producing 1 tons of grain to grain yield (standard for 199, 204, less emissions) 220, 207, 42 and 206 kg CO2-eq. The proportion of greenhouse effect to total emission caused by N20 emission, nitrogen fertilizer input and irrigation power consumption in all treatment was 15-22%, 24-45% and 23-45% respectively. The farmland soil is the sink of CH4, but the carbon sequestration caused by CH4 absorption can only offset 1% of the net greenhouse gas emissions from farmland. (3) nitrifying inhibitor (DMPP) in urea can not only significantly reduce N_2O emissions from winter wheat summer maize rotation system in North China Plain, but also increase yield and nitrogen use efficiency. When urease inhibitor (NBPT) is used together with DMPP, the effect of DMPP reduction will be reduced by NBPT. After 3 years of experiments, it was found that compared with U treatment, NI, NIUI and UI treatments reduced the N_2O emissions by 55%, 40% and 21%, respectively, and reduced N_2O emissions by 47%, 40% and 33% respectively in the wheat season. Compared with NIUI, NI and UI, the annual output of U was increased by 7%, 6% and 4% respectively, and the annual nitrogen utilization rate was increased by 15%, 10% and 7%, respectively. (4) the contribution of nitrification to the peak value of N_2O emission after fertilization was up to 40%, and the denitrification of nitrifying microorganism was probably the main way of N_2O emission after fertilization. DMPP can reduce the emission of N20 by inhibiting nitrification and denitrification of nitrifying microorganisms.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S512.11;S513

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