發(fā)布時間：2018-01-27 23:01

  本文關(guān)鍵詞： 近代交通 東北 移民 城市結(jié)構(gòu) 城市經(jīng)濟(jì) 社會生活　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：文章以1860年至1931年間,交通變革與東北城市人口、結(jié)構(gòu)變動、對外貿(mào)易發(fā)展、工商業(yè)初興、公共事業(yè)建設(shè)及生活變遷諸方面的關(guān)系為研究對象和內(nèi)容,進(jìn)而揭橥東北近代交通變革與城市發(fā)展之間多方面的互動與關(guān)聯(lián)。在漫長的東北古代城市發(fā)展史中,始終以政治、軍事功能為第一要義的東北城鎮(zhèn),數(shù)量少、規(guī)模小,相對閉塞而缺少變化。東北城鄉(xiāng)相互之間及其內(nèi)部的活動與聯(lián)系,便是依靠舊式車、馬及舟船行于傳統(tǒng)土路及江河來完成的。這種交通條件長期停滯不前,至清中期以后,更是對東北實行關(guān)禁、海禁、邊禁、圍禁等封禁措施以及蒙地封禁、旗地封禁、山林封禁、江河湖泊封禁、礦業(yè)封禁等封禁內(nèi)容,從形式上近乎斷絕了東北與外界的聯(lián)絡(luò)與交流。全面封禁層層鎖閉,嚴(yán)格控制了人口流動,制約了東北的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,更是導(dǎo)致清季東北傳統(tǒng)水陸交通衰歇。時至近代,伴隨外敵入侵、西潮涌入,東北封禁局面徹底被打破,社會各方面為之劇變,交通實為其中最為明顯之一項。在動力來源方面,由完全依賴人力、畜力、水力、風(fēng)力等自然力轉(zhuǎn)向漸以依靠蒸汽力或電力等機(jī)械力;在形制方面,半機(jī)械化交通工具則對提升運(yùn)行速度、增加舒適度方面有了突破性的改進(jìn)�？傮w來看,近代東北的新式運(yùn)輸工具既有以畜力或人力為動力來源的西式馬車、人力車、自行車,又有完全依靠蒸汽力或電力等機(jī)械力驅(qū)動的電車、輪船、汽車、火車和飛機(jī),同時伴隨近代化交通工具的需要,路的進(jìn)化應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。這些交通內(nèi)容的更新,從整體上改善了近代東北城市的交通環(huán)境。過境性交通建成后,成為移民大規(guī)模進(jìn)入并流動于東北各地的途徑。借助近代交通線路特別是鐵路的運(yùn)輸效能,東北地區(qū)得以吸納大量人口,并散布交通沿線及其節(jié)點,促發(fā)了新興城市的產(chǎn)生及原有城鎮(zhèn)的擴(kuò)展。同時,大量借助近代交通“春至冬歸”的東北移民,逐漸形成留居者日眾的局面。這些動態(tài)變化均借助近代交通的建設(shè)與發(fā)展得以表現(xiàn)出來。近代東北交通特別是鐵路線路的建設(shè)和運(yùn)營,在吸納大量流動型人口并逐漸將之轉(zhuǎn)化為定居型移民的過程中,對城市結(jié)構(gòu)及其形態(tài)亦產(chǎn)生了重要甚至是決定性的影響。鐵路及航路的發(fā)展使近代東北由單中心城市體系向多中心城市體系方向發(fā)展,由點狀的疏離型城市分布逐漸轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閹畹慕煌?lián)動型城市體系結(jié)構(gòu)。市內(nèi)公共交通的形成,更新了近代東北城市內(nèi)部的地域結(jié)構(gòu)。散居聚落型的傳統(tǒng)東北城鎮(zhèn)格局受交通樞紐聚集效益的吸引,呈現(xiàn)出集中的態(tài)勢,進(jìn)而影響到城市中心的規(guī)模、各功能區(qū)之間的距離及空間分布。更新后的功能分區(qū)形成了不同的組合格局,構(gòu)成了近代東北城市新的地域結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)。同時,在交通變革的決定性影響下,近代東北城市地域形態(tài)在平面路網(wǎng)及立體建筑上都發(fā)生了巨大的改變。在鐵路、港口的興建及其發(fā)展所帶來的交通整體進(jìn)化的推促下,近代東北城市的對外貿(mào)易及工商業(yè)亦開啟了近代化的歷程。在交通變革的作用下,對外貿(mào)易的路線、成本及量值都發(fā)生了鮮明的變化,進(jìn)而使東北各地乃至國際市場之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系日益加強(qiáng)。同時,近代交通將社會生產(chǎn)、分配、交換及消費(fèi)等環(huán)節(jié)有機(jī)地聯(lián)系在一起,使城市工業(yè)有所興發(fā),商業(yè)活動不斷活躍且隨之起伏。與交通緊密相關(guān)的東北城市公共事業(yè)建設(shè),亦于清末民國時期開始啟動。無論是城市內(nèi)部的公共交通,還是城際之間的長途交通,都使東北近代城市客運(yùn)業(yè)發(fā)展起來,進(jìn)而使東北城市由曾經(jīng)的“步行”模式的社會形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)向以半機(jī)械化與機(jī)械化交通內(nèi)容所構(gòu)建的社會格局。同時,與交通內(nèi)容密切相關(guān)的下水道、污水處理及綠化等市政建設(shè)在東北大中城市中相繼得到發(fā)展,改變了城市面貌。此外,近代交通的發(fā)展,直接刺激了與之相關(guān)的郵政、廣告等城市服務(wù)行業(yè)的興發(fā)。交通的進(jìn)步,使近代東北城市生活的內(nèi)容與質(zhì)量都發(fā)生了改變,進(jìn)而對城市民眾的生活習(xí)性、行為規(guī)范與社會風(fēng)氣進(jìn)行了新的塑造。無論是近代東北城市民眾行旅生活品質(zhì)的提高、生活觀念的更新,還是社會風(fēng)氣的變遷,都與交通變革有著千絲萬縷的聯(lián)系。然而,我們也要一分為二地看到,在以上與交通近代化進(jìn)程密切相關(guān)的城市發(fā)展諸方面,亦伴隨著日、俄等列強(qiáng)的侵略影響。在俄、日等國根據(jù)其侵略意圖所進(jìn)行的缺乏整體與長遠(yuǎn)眼光的先于城市布局的交通規(guī)劃下,交通樞紐的遷移導(dǎo)致部分傳統(tǒng)城鎮(zhèn)毫無選擇地衰落下去,而因臨近交通線路而崛起的城市也往往被分割成幾個部分。在同一個城市內(nèi),商埠區(qū)、鐵路附屬地與舊市區(qū)往往形成了鮮明且懸殊的對比。這種極不合理的情形伴隨東北地區(qū)行政建制趨于統(tǒng)合,城市各區(qū)域之間的壁壘才逐漸被打破。這些城市往往被鐵路線路挾制,或呈非自然狀態(tài)反向發(fā)展,或越過鐵路線進(jìn)而被再次分割,造成一分為二甚至一分為三的畸形布局,城市的發(fā)展方向和規(guī)模因而受到限制。同時,日、俄等列強(qiáng)對近代東北交通的操控,使東北經(jīng)濟(jì)各方面的發(fā)展,均呈現(xiàn)出不足甚至畸態(tài),滯緩了城市正常發(fā)展的腳步。
[Abstract]:The period from 1860 to 1931, changes in the structure of traffic changes and northeast city population, the development of foreign trade, trade relations at the beginning of Xing, construction of public utilities and life change aspects as the research object and content, so as to reveal the association and interaction in many aspects like the modern transformation and development of city traffic in the long room. Northeast ancient city development history, has always been to political, military function for the Northeast Town, the first meaning of small number, small scale, relatively closed and the lack of change. Urban and rural areas in the Northeast between its internal activities and contact, is relying on the old car, horse Jizhou boat trip on the road to complete the traditional soil and rivers long-term. This stalled traffic conditions, to the middle of Qing Dynasty, is implemented on the northeast side of the captivity, ban, ban, ban Wai ban and other measures as well as the Mongolian flag ban, ban, ban mountains, rivers and lakes banned, banned mining Other banned content, from the form of the Northeast nearly cut off contact with the outside world and exchanges. A comprehensive ban by locking, strictly control the population flow, restricting economic development in Northeast China, even in the Qing Dynasty in northeast traditional transportation failure. In modern society, with the influx of foreign invasion, West, northeast banned situation completely broken, drastic changes in all aspects of society for transportation, is one of the most obvious one. In the power source, is entirely dependent on human, animal, hydraulic, wind and other natural forces to gradually to rely on steam force or power mechanical force; in terms of shape, semi mechanized vehicles to improve speed, increase comfort is improved breakthrough. Overall, the new means of transportation in the northeast of modern times both in animal or human powered carriage, rickshaw, bicycle, and completely rely on steam or electric power The driving force and mechanical force car, ship, car, train and plane, accompanied by the need of modern traffic tools, road traffic evolution came into being. These content updates, from the overall improvement of the modern northeast city traffic environment. The transit traffic is completed, way to enter and flow to the northeast around for immigrants large scale. With the aid of modern traffic transportation efficiency of railway lines especially the northeast area to absorb a large number of people, and spread along the traffic and promote the development of the new node, expand the city of the original town. At the same time, a large number of modern traffic by means of "spring to winter" the migration in the northeast, gradually formed in the day these changes are dynamic situation. With the construction and development of modern traffic is shown. The modern northeast transportation especially the construction and operation of the railway line, to absorb a large number of mobile population and Gradually transformed into the process of settlement of immigrants in the city structure and form also has an important and even decisive effect. The development of the railway and the route to the modern northeast development system from a single center city to a multi center city system, city distribution point by alienation gradually transformed into the structure of traffic linkage type city system banded. Public transport form city, update the regional structure of the modern northeast within the city. The traditional settlements scattered type northeast urban pattern is attracted by traffic hub aggregation efficiency, showing a concentration trend, and affect the city center scale, distribution and spatial distance between each functional zone. After the update function partition formed a combination of different pattern, constitute a form of regional structure of the new modern city in Northeast China. At the same time, the decisive influence of traffic changes under the modern Northeast Regional City Forms have undergone tremendous changes in the plane and three-dimensional architecture. In the network traffic caused by the railway, the evolution of the whole building and development of the port of the promotion, foreign trade and industry of modern northeast city also opened the course of modernization. In the traffic changes under the effect of foreign trade route cost and the value of sharp change, so that the economic ties between the northeast country and international market increasingly. At the same time, the traffic will be modern social production, distribution, exchange and consumption together, so that the city has Xingfa, commercial activities is continuously active and consequently the ups and downs. The construction of public utilities in northeast city closely related with the traffic, also started in the late Qing Dynasty in the period of the Republic of China. It is within the city public transportation, or intercity long-distance traffic, the modern northeast city passenger transport industry Show up, and then make the northeast city from the former "walk" mode of social form to semi mechanization and mechanization of traffic content social pattern. At the same time, closely related with the content of traffic sewer, sewage treatment and other municipal greening construction in large and medium-sized cities in Northeast China have been developing, changing the appearance of the city. In addition, the development of modern transportation, directly stimulate the related post, advertising and other service industries of the city. Traffic Xingfa progress, the content and quality of modern northeast city life has changed, and the living habits of the city people, behavior norms and social atmosphere of the new building. No matter is to improve the quality of life of people in the northeast city travel, update the concept of life, or social change, are inextricably linked with the traffic change. However, we will be divided into a Two see the city above and traffic modernization is closely related to the development, also accompanied by the day, Russia's aggression. In Russia, Japan and other countries according to its aggressive intentions of the lack of transportation planning ahead of the layout of the city's overall and long-term perspective, the migration hub of the cause the traditional town have no choice but to decline due to approaching traffic routes and the rise of the city is often divided into several parts. In the same city, commercial district, railway subsidiaries with the old urban areas often contrasts and disparity. This is extremely unreasonable situation with the Northeast administrative system tends to integration. Between the city regional barriers had gradually been broken. The city is often the railway line by, or a non natural state or reverse development, cross the railway line and then be divided again, resulting in a split into two even A layout is divided into three malformations, development direction and scale of the city and thus is limited. At the same time, to control traffic of Modern Northeast Russia, so that all aspects of the development of the northeast economy, both showed inadequate or even abnormal, slow the normal development of city's footsteps.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：F512.9;F299.29;K207
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本文編號：1469108