【摘要】：群落構(gòu)建一直是生態(tài)學(xué)研究的核心問題,在生態(tài)學(xué)研究中具有久遠(yuǎn)的歷史。然而關(guān)于群落構(gòu)建的機(jī)制卻一直都不是很清楚。從很久以前的機(jī)體論和個(gè)體論之間的論戰(zhàn),發(fā)展成本世紀(jì)初生態(tài)位理論和中性理論的論戰(zhàn),一直困擾研究者的問題是:群落構(gòu)建到底是確定性的過程還是隨機(jī)性的過程?研究群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制的最終目的是解釋和預(yù)測(cè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能的變化,特別是與人類生活息息相關(guān)的生產(chǎn)力的變化。青藏高原高寒草甸的生產(chǎn)力到底是氮限制還是磷限制?在氣候變化背景下高寒草甸的生產(chǎn)力會(huì)如何變化?導(dǎo)致這種變化背后的群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制是什么?這些都是我們迫切需要解答的問題。為了研究上述問題,我們?cè)谖挥谇嗖馗咴瓥|部的高寒草甸中設(shè)置了包含不同肥料和不同梯度的兩個(gè)施肥實(shí)驗(yàn)。我們測(cè)定不同處理中24個(gè)主要組分種的六個(gè)功能性狀(高度、比葉面積、葉片干物質(zhì)含量、種子大小、葉片氮含量和葉片磷含量),測(cè)定群落內(nèi)物種的多度、蓋度和生物量并測(cè)定土壤的主要理化性質(zhì)(速效氮、速效磷、pH、土壤含水量和土壤溫度)。單因素方差分析、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主軸回歸、一般線性模型、結(jié)構(gòu)方程模型和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育獨(dú)立性分析等分析方法被用來系統(tǒng)地分析我們的數(shù)據(jù)。研究結(jié)果表明:1、高寒草甸群落生產(chǎn)力受到氮磷兩種養(yǎng)分的共同限制,其中氮為第一限制性養(yǎng)分,當(dāng)解除氮限制以后磷成為限制性養(yǎng)分。高寒草甸的生產(chǎn)力不受鉀的限制。2、施氮肥顯著影響物種相對(duì)多度和功能性狀之間的關(guān)系,磷肥對(duì)性狀-多度關(guān)系的影響很小。以光競(jìng)爭(zhēng)為代表的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)過程在高寒草甸群落內(nèi)普遍存在,尤其是在施氮肥以后的群落構(gòu)建中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。我們的研究結(jié)果表明:在高寒草甸群落中可以使用簡單但是具有重要生態(tài)學(xué)意義的功能性狀去解釋和預(yù)測(cè)施肥以后的物種多度變化。3、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)-擴(kuò)散權(quán)衡是高寒草甸群落構(gòu)建的一種重要機(jī)制。群落內(nèi)的大部分物種要么是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)上的優(yōu)勢(shì)者要么是擴(kuò)散上的優(yōu)勢(shì)者,但不會(huì)同時(shí)在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力和擴(kuò)散能力上都占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。競(jìng)爭(zhēng)-擴(kuò)散權(quán)衡對(duì)物種多度分布的影響依賴于空間尺度。4、在高寒草甸植物群落中最好的去解釋群落施肥以后的生產(chǎn)力變化需要把物種多樣性、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育多樣性和功能多樣性這三種不同類型的多樣性指標(biāo)結(jié)合起來。質(zhì)量比假說和生態(tài)位互補(bǔ)假說這兩種解釋生產(chǎn)力與多樣性關(guān)系的重要學(xué)說同時(shí)在施肥后的群落內(nèi)發(fā)揮作用,他們之間的關(guān)系是相互補(bǔ)充而非相互排斥。5、無論是在施肥后的群落中還是在對(duì)照群落中都普遍地存在著確定性的性狀-多度關(guān)系,說明基于性狀的確定性過程在自然群落和施肥群落的構(gòu)建中都扮演著非常重要的角色。6、在施肥以后的群落構(gòu)建中環(huán)境篩選和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)排除這兩個(gè)相對(duì)的過程同時(shí)發(fā)揮作用。在低濃度的氮添加處理中環(huán)境篩選起到主要作用,但是隨著氮肥添加梯度的增加,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)排除過程在不斷的增強(qiáng),最終這兩個(gè)相反的過程在高濃度氮添加中達(dá)到平衡。施磷肥對(duì)高寒草甸群落的構(gòu)建幾乎沒有影響。
[Abstract]:Community construction has been a core problem of ecological research and has a long history in the study of ecology. However, the mechanism on the construction of the community has not been very clear. The controversy between the theory of ecology and the theory of neutral in the beginning of this century has always been a problem for researchers, from a long-time theory of body theory and individual theory. The problem of the researchers has been that the process of community construction is the process of certainty and the process of randomness. The ultimate purpose of the study community construction mechanism is to explain and predict the change in the ecosystem function, in particular the change in productivity associated with human life. The productivity of the alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is the nitrogen limitation or the phosphorus limitation? How can the productivity of the alpine meadow change in the context of climate change? What is the community construction mechanism behind this change? These are the questions we urgently need to answer. In order to study the above problems, we set up two fertilization experiments with different fertilizers and different gradients in the alpine meadow located in the eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Six functional traits (height, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, seed size, leaf nitrogen content and leaf phosphorus content) of 24 major component species in different treatments were determined to determine the abundance of species in the community, The main physical and chemical properties of the soil (quick-acting nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus, pH, soil moisture content and soil temperature) were measured. The analysis methods such as single factor analysis of variance, standard principal axis regression, general linear model, structural equation model and phylogenetic independence analysis are used to analyze our data systematically. The results showed that:1. The productivity of the alpine meadow community was limited by both nitrogen and phosphorus, and the nitrogen was the first limiting nutrient, and the phosphorus became a limiting nutrient after the nitrogen limitation was released. The productivity of the alpine meadow is not limited by the potassium. The competition process represented by the light competition is common in the alpine meadow community, especially in the community construction after the application of the nitrogen fertilizer. The results of our study show that in the alpine meadow community, simple but important ecological functional traits can be used to explain and predict the multi-degree change of species after fertilization.3. The competition-diffusion trade-off is an important mechanism for the construction of the alpine meadow community. Most of the species in the community are either competitive or competitive, but not both competitive and proliferation. The influence of the competition-diffusion trade-off on the abundance distribution of species depends on the spatial scale. The diversity and functional diversity of the three different types of diversity are combined. The important theory of the relationship between the productivity and the diversity of the hypothesis of mass ratio and the complementary hypothesis of the niche is to play a role in the community after fertilization, and the relationship between them is complementary rather than mutually exclusive. In the community of fertilization and in the control community, there is a generally deterministic trait-multi-degree relationship, which indicates that the deterministic process based on the character plays a very important role in the construction of the natural community and the fertilization community. In the community construction after fertilization, the two opposite processes play a role in environmental screening and competition. The environmental screening plays a major role in the low-concentration nitrogen addition treatment, but with the increase of the addition gradient of the nitrogen fertilizer, the competition and elimination process is continuously enhanced, and the two opposite processes are balanced in the high-concentration nitrogen addition. The application of P fertilizer has no effect on the construction of the alpine meadow community.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：Q948.1

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