氣溶膠對山地區(qū)域降水影晌的個例研究
發(fā)布時間：2019-03-19 18:50
【摘要】：山地降水是濕空氣氣流經(jīng)過山脈時受地形強迫抬升而形成,受其上風向的平原地區(qū)的大氣條件的直接影響。在我國,許多山脈上風向區(qū)域存在人類居住生活的城市,是局地人為氣溶膠的主要排放源地。這些人為氣溶膠的排放對其下風向的山地區(qū)域降水的影響,近年來也逐漸成為學者們關(guān)注的問題。為研究上風向的氣溶膠排放對山地降水影響的機制,本文使用WRF-Chem模式對四川省2013年7月8日至9日在盆地西北部山區(qū)發(fā)生的一次強降水過程進行高分辨率的模擬,討論了四川盆地氣溶膠排放增加對此次暴雨的影響;同時也對華山及其上風向關(guān)中平原夏季降水進行了連續(xù)長時間的模擬,分析了關(guān)中平原氣溶膠排放對典型的山谷風引起華山區(qū)域降水的影響。對這兩個不同區(qū)域的模擬均進行了:P_ALL(同時考慮氣溶膠-輻射相互關(guān)系和氣溶膠-云相互關(guān)系的污染大氣條件),C_ALL(同時氣溶膠-輻射相互關(guān)系和氣溶膠-云相互關(guān)系清潔大氣條件)、P_NORAD(不考慮氣溶膠-輻射相互作用的污染條件)以及C_NORAD(不考慮氣溶膠-輻射相互作用的清潔條件)這四組對比模擬實驗。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),以黑碳為主的吸收性氣溶膠(具備極強的太陽輻射吸收能力),在不同的地形條件和天氣條件下,通過氣溶膠-輻射作用,會對山地降水產(chǎn)生不同的影響結(jié)果。本文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),四川盆地的氣溶膠排放,在2013年7月8日至9日在盆地西北部山區(qū)發(fā)生的一次強降水過程有重要的影響,主要結(jié)論如下:1、此次降水過程主要受天氣系統(tǒng)影響,四組模擬實驗均在山地區(qū)域顯示出明顯的降雨帶。受氣溶膠-輻射作用的影響,在北川縣區(qū)域,P_ALL暴雨時段累積降水超過了125mm,與觀測結(jié)果相符。而其它三個方案的降水強度均不足100mm,相對于P_ALL平均減少了約40%。2、吸收性氣溶膠削弱了四川盆地接收的太陽輻射能,使其地表溫度降低,而大氣溫度卻因氣溶膠的加熱作用而升高,這使得盆地區(qū)域的大氣穩(wěn)定度增加,進而導致白天在盆地區(qū)域的對流發(fā)生受到抑制。模擬結(jié)果顯示,P_ALL下午14時至20時在盆地區(qū)域的降水,相對于清潔大氣條件C_ALL,減少了約60%3、P_ALL下午14時至20時在盆地發(fā)生的降水受到抑制,在天氣系統(tǒng)影響下不斷輸送到四川盆地區(qū)域的水汽和能量不能得到釋放。沒有得到釋放的能量和水汽,隨著不斷吹向盆地西北部山區(qū)的氣流向山地方向聚集,受山地抬升作用形成更強的對流和降水。相對于C_ALL等方案,P_ALL在暴雨時段累積降水增加達到20%-60%,形成了災害性降水。對于華山夏季降水,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)關(guān)中平原排放的氣溶膠通過氣溶膠-輻射作用導致華山降水減少,研究結(jié)論如下:1、關(guān)中平原地區(qū)的人為氣溶膠排放增加,導致華山區(qū)域降水減少。P_ALL條件下的華山降水相對于C_ALL華山降水減少約40%。并且,華山降水的減少主要是由于氣溶膠-輻射作用導致的白天降水減少。2、模擬時段的華山降水主要受山谷風作用形成。經(jīng)過分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)受氣溶膠-輻射作用導致關(guān)中平原與華山之間的谷風減弱,這是導致這一時段華山白天降水減少的主要原因。關(guān)中平原吸收性氣溶膠排放增加,減少了平原上空與華山頂之間的溫度差異,并且降低了平原地表的溫度,而這兩方面最終均會導致白天谷風的形成減弱,谷風減弱達0.3m/s3、平原地區(qū)白天地表溫度降低,使得地表蒸發(fā)減弱,平原上空水汽減少,結(jié)合谷風強度減弱的影響,最終使得平原向山地傳輸?shù)乃麥p少,到達山地區(qū)域的空氣更加干燥,山頂相對濕度減少3%以上,不利于降水的形成,導致山地降水的減少。同時,山頂對流減弱,冷云降水發(fā)生減少,更進一步減少了華山降水。氣溶膠通過氣溶膠-輻射作用對四川暴雨和華山降水表現(xiàn)出截然不同的作用,主要原因可能是由于不同的降水系統(tǒng)的動力和熱力條件不一樣。四川暴雨過程對應的是蘊含大量水汽的低空季風以及四川盆地的氣溶膠加熱作用,而華山降水則主要由當?shù)氐木值丨h(huán)流導致,其局地環(huán)流受氣溶膠影響減弱,進而使得山頂空氣干燥,降水減少。氣溶膠作為CCN可能導致華山暖云降水的減少,同時也有可能通過氣溶膠激發(fā)對流效應導致降水增加,但氣溶膠-云作用對本文中涉及的兩種降水影響十分有限。同時,由于體積水云微物理方案參數(shù)化的限制,本文中模擬結(jié)果對氣溶膠間接效應的反映存在不確定性。
[Abstract]:Mountain precipitation is a direct effect of the atmospheric conditions in the plain area where the air flow of the humid air is driven by the terrain when the air flow of the humid air passes through the mountains. In our country, there are many cities in the wind direction in many mountains, which are the main source of the local man-made aerosol. The effect of the emission of these artificial aerosols on the precipitation of the mountain area under the lower wind direction has also gradually become a concern for scholars in recent years. In order to study the mechanism of the effect of the wind direction on the precipitation of the mountain, this paper uses the WRF-Chem model to simulate the high-resolution of a strong precipitation process in the mountainous area of the northwest of the basin from 8 to 9 July 2013, The effect of the increase of aerosol emission on the heavy rain in Sichuan Basin is discussed, and the effect of aerosol discharge in Guanzhong Plain on the precipitation in Huashan area is analyzed. The simulations of these two different regions were carried out: P _ ALL (simultaneous consideration of the relationship between the aerosol-radiation and the atmospheric conditions of the aerosol-cloud relationship), C _ ALL (simultaneous aerosol-radiation relationship and the aerosol-cloud relationship to clean the atmospheric conditions), P _ NORAD (no pollution condition for aerosol-radiation interaction) and C _ NORAD (no cleaning conditions for aerosol-radiation interaction) were simulated. It has been found that, with black carbon as the main absorbing aerosol (with very strong solar radiation absorption capacity), the effect of aerosol-radiation on the precipitation of mountain area can be caused by the action of aerosol-radiation under different terrain conditions and weather conditions. The main conclusions are as follows:1. The precipitation process is mainly affected by the weather system. The four groups of simulated experiments show obvious rain-reducing zone in the mountain area. Under the influence of the action of the aerosol-radiation, the accumulated precipitation in the region of the North Sichuan and the heavy rain in the P _ ALL is more than 125 mm, which is in line with the observation. while the water-drop intensity of the other three schemes is less than 100 mm, the average decrease of about 40% with respect to P _ ALL.2, the absorption aerosol is weakened by the solar radiation energy received in the Sichuan Basin, so that the surface temperature is reduced, and the atmospheric temperature is increased due to the heating effect of the aerosol, This leads to an increase in the atmospheric stability of the basin area, which in turn leads to the suppression of the convection in the basin area during the day. The results of the simulation show that the precipitation of P _ ALL in the basin area from 14 to 20 pm is reduced by about 60%3, P _ ALL from 14 to 20 pm, and the precipitation in the basin is inhibited from 14 to 20 pm. The water vapor and energy that are continuously delivered to the region of the Sichuan Basin under the influence of the weather system cannot be released. There is no released energy and water vapor, and with the continuous blowing, the air flows in the mountainous area of the northwest of the basin are gathered in the direction of the mountain, and a stronger convection and precipitation is formed by the uplift of the mountain. Compared with C _ ALL and other schemes, the accumulated precipitation of P _ ALL in the heavy rain period reaches 20-60%, and the disastrous precipitation is formed. For the summer precipitation in Huashan, we found that the aerosol-radiation effect of the aerosol discharged from the Guanzhong Plain led to the decrease of precipitation in Huashan, and the conclusion is as follows:1. The increase of man-made aerosol in the Guanzhong plain area has led to the decrease of precipitation in Huashan area. The precipitation of Huashan in the condition of P _ ALL is reduced by about 40% with respect to the precipitation of C _ ALL. In addition, the decrease of precipitation in Huashan is mainly due to the decrease of the precipitation during the day due to the action of the aerosol-radiation. After the analysis, we find that the effect of the aerosol-radiation has led to the weakening of the valley wind between the Guanzhong Plain and the Huashan, which is the main cause of the decrease of the precipitation during the day. the emission of the absorptive aerosol in the Guanzhong plain is increased, the temperature difference between the upper part of the plain and the top of the Chinese mountain is reduced, and the temperature of the surface of the plain is reduced, and the two aspects can lead to the weakening of the formation of the valley wind during the day, the valley wind is reduced to 0.3 m/ s3, and the surface temperature in the plain area is reduced, so that the surface evaporation is reduced, the water vapor over the plain is reduced, the influence of the strength of the valley wind is reduced, the water vapor transmitted in the plain to the mountain area is reduced, the air reaching the mountain area is more dry, the relative humidity of the top of the mountain is reduced by more than 3%, and the formation of the precipitation is not favorable, Resulting in a reduction in mountain precipitation. At the same time, the convection of the top of the mountain is weakened, the precipitation of the cold cloud is reduced, and the precipitation of the Huashan is further reduced. The aerosol-radiation effect of the aerosol shows a distinct effect on the heavy rain and the precipitation of Huashan in Sichuan, and the main reason may be that the dynamic and thermal conditions of different precipitation systems are different. The rainstorm process in Sichuan is corresponding to the low-level monsoon which contains a large amount of water vapor and the aerosol heating effect of the Sichuan Basin, while the precipitation in Huashan is mainly caused by local local circulation, and the local circulation of the local circulation is weakened by the influence of the aerosol, so that the top air is dried and the precipitation is reduced. Aerosol as the CCN may lead to a reduction in the precipitation of the warm cloud in Huashan, and the effect of the aerosol-cloud effect on the two kinds of precipitation in this paper is very limited, but the effect of the aerosol-cloud on the two kinds of precipitation is very limited. At the same time, due to the limitation of the parametrization of the volume water cloud micro-physical scheme, the simulation results in this paper show the uncertainty of the indirect effect of the aerosol.
【學位授予單位】：中國氣象科學研究院
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P426.6;X513
本文編號：2443793
[Abstract]:Mountain precipitation is a direct effect of the atmospheric conditions in the plain area where the air flow of the humid air is driven by the terrain when the air flow of the humid air passes through the mountains. In our country, there are many cities in the wind direction in many mountains, which are the main source of the local man-made aerosol. The effect of the emission of these artificial aerosols on the precipitation of the mountain area under the lower wind direction has also gradually become a concern for scholars in recent years. In order to study the mechanism of the effect of the wind direction on the precipitation of the mountain, this paper uses the WRF-Chem model to simulate the high-resolution of a strong precipitation process in the mountainous area of the northwest of the basin from 8 to 9 July 2013, The effect of the increase of aerosol emission on the heavy rain in Sichuan Basin is discussed, and the effect of aerosol discharge in Guanzhong Plain on the precipitation in Huashan area is analyzed. The simulations of these two different regions were carried out: P _ ALL (simultaneous consideration of the relationship between the aerosol-radiation and the atmospheric conditions of the aerosol-cloud relationship), C _ ALL (simultaneous aerosol-radiation relationship and the aerosol-cloud relationship to clean the atmospheric conditions), P _ NORAD (no pollution condition for aerosol-radiation interaction) and C _ NORAD (no cleaning conditions for aerosol-radiation interaction) were simulated. It has been found that, with black carbon as the main absorbing aerosol (with very strong solar radiation absorption capacity), the effect of aerosol-radiation on the precipitation of mountain area can be caused by the action of aerosol-radiation under different terrain conditions and weather conditions. The main conclusions are as follows:1. The precipitation process is mainly affected by the weather system. The four groups of simulated experiments show obvious rain-reducing zone in the mountain area. Under the influence of the action of the aerosol-radiation, the accumulated precipitation in the region of the North Sichuan and the heavy rain in the P _ ALL is more than 125 mm, which is in line with the observation. while the water-drop intensity of the other three schemes is less than 100 mm, the average decrease of about 40% with respect to P _ ALL.2, the absorption aerosol is weakened by the solar radiation energy received in the Sichuan Basin, so that the surface temperature is reduced, and the atmospheric temperature is increased due to the heating effect of the aerosol, This leads to an increase in the atmospheric stability of the basin area, which in turn leads to the suppression of the convection in the basin area during the day. The results of the simulation show that the precipitation of P _ ALL in the basin area from 14 to 20 pm is reduced by about 60%3, P _ ALL from 14 to 20 pm, and the precipitation in the basin is inhibited from 14 to 20 pm. The water vapor and energy that are continuously delivered to the region of the Sichuan Basin under the influence of the weather system cannot be released. There is no released energy and water vapor, and with the continuous blowing, the air flows in the mountainous area of the northwest of the basin are gathered in the direction of the mountain, and a stronger convection and precipitation is formed by the uplift of the mountain. Compared with C _ ALL and other schemes, the accumulated precipitation of P _ ALL in the heavy rain period reaches 20-60%, and the disastrous precipitation is formed. For the summer precipitation in Huashan, we found that the aerosol-radiation effect of the aerosol discharged from the Guanzhong Plain led to the decrease of precipitation in Huashan, and the conclusion is as follows:1. The increase of man-made aerosol in the Guanzhong plain area has led to the decrease of precipitation in Huashan area. The precipitation of Huashan in the condition of P _ ALL is reduced by about 40% with respect to the precipitation of C _ ALL. In addition, the decrease of precipitation in Huashan is mainly due to the decrease of the precipitation during the day due to the action of the aerosol-radiation. After the analysis, we find that the effect of the aerosol-radiation has led to the weakening of the valley wind between the Guanzhong Plain and the Huashan, which is the main cause of the decrease of the precipitation during the day. the emission of the absorptive aerosol in the Guanzhong plain is increased, the temperature difference between the upper part of the plain and the top of the Chinese mountain is reduced, and the temperature of the surface of the plain is reduced, and the two aspects can lead to the weakening of the formation of the valley wind during the day, the valley wind is reduced to 0.3 m/ s3, and the surface temperature in the plain area is reduced, so that the surface evaporation is reduced, the water vapor over the plain is reduced, the influence of the strength of the valley wind is reduced, the water vapor transmitted in the plain to the mountain area is reduced, the air reaching the mountain area is more dry, the relative humidity of the top of the mountain is reduced by more than 3%, and the formation of the precipitation is not favorable, Resulting in a reduction in mountain precipitation. At the same time, the convection of the top of the mountain is weakened, the precipitation of the cold cloud is reduced, and the precipitation of the Huashan is further reduced. The aerosol-radiation effect of the aerosol shows a distinct effect on the heavy rain and the precipitation of Huashan in Sichuan, and the main reason may be that the dynamic and thermal conditions of different precipitation systems are different. The rainstorm process in Sichuan is corresponding to the low-level monsoon which contains a large amount of water vapor and the aerosol heating effect of the Sichuan Basin, while the precipitation in Huashan is mainly caused by local local circulation, and the local circulation of the local circulation is weakened by the influence of the aerosol, so that the top air is dried and the precipitation is reduced. Aerosol as the CCN may lead to a reduction in the precipitation of the warm cloud in Huashan, and the effect of the aerosol-cloud effect on the two kinds of precipitation in this paper is very limited, but the effect of the aerosol-cloud on the two kinds of precipitation is very limited. At the same time, due to the limitation of the parametrization of the volume water cloud micro-physical scheme, the simulation results in this paper show the uncertainty of the indirect effect of the aerosol.
【學位授予單位】：中國氣象科學研究院
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P426.6;X513
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