山西某礦山高邊坡馬蘭黃土非飽和特性及穩(wěn)定性研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-08 14:23
【摘要】：馬蘭黃土是一種廣泛分布于我國西北地區(qū)的土體,總分布面積約64萬m2。其本身的物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)導(dǎo)致水土流失、滑坡、等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害對人類的生產(chǎn)建設(shè)均有不同程度的影響,涉及礦山工程、水利水電工程、路橋工程、鐵道工程等諸多領(lǐng)域。隨著我國西部大開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略的實施,在我國西北的黃土覆蓋地區(qū),工程建設(shè)的規(guī)模及難度均逐年擴(kuò)大,針對黃土的物理力學(xué)性質(zhì)以及西北黃土高原地區(qū)工程地質(zhì)條件的研究亦逐年深入。河曲縣位于西北黃土高原的東部邊緣,縣城西面緊靠黃河干流,與內(nèi)蒙、陜西交界,是毗鄰三省的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化重鎮(zhèn)。并且近幾年,在此基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展了水力資源、礦產(chǎn)資源、電力開發(fā)等新興工業(yè)。經(jīng)過幾十年不斷的人類工程活動,以及黃土高原日益嚴(yán)重的水土流失的影響,河曲的礦山工程地質(zhì)條件日益惡化,在降雨、人類活動等條件下,滑坡,崩塌等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害發(fā)生次數(shù)逐年上升。由于河曲的礦山大多在露天情形下開采后人工削坡,因此在礦區(qū)的采場邊坡形成了許多馬蘭黃土高邊坡,隨著開采深度的加深以及開采技術(shù)的提高,礦山對邊坡開挖設(shè)計以及穩(wěn)定性驗算、后期治理成為一個亟待解決的問題。對河曲礦山黃土高邊坡的工程地質(zhì)研究將有效的解決礦區(qū)采場邊坡穩(wěn)定性問題,保證礦區(qū)采礦的安全生產(chǎn),有效促進(jìn)河曲以及類似西北地區(qū)黃土高邊坡礦山地質(zhì)環(huán)境治理恢復(fù)問題的解決。本論文以山西河曲的工程開挖邊坡作為研究對象,研究了非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊坡的土體非飽和物理性質(zhì)以及對應(yīng)邊坡穩(wěn)定性,對馬蘭黃土進(jìn)行室內(nèi)實驗、室內(nèi)模型實驗,研究基質(zhì)吸力、含水率對黃土體顆粒的微觀影響,得到土體體積含水量與基質(zhì)吸力的關(guān)系曲線,利用非飽和土強度系數(shù)的計算公式,對非飽和馬蘭黃土邊坡的穩(wěn)定進(jìn)行了分析計算,得到了不同工況下非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊坡的穩(wěn)定性系數(shù)與安全系數(shù),對各工況下礦山邊坡的穩(wěn)定性做出了評價與優(yōu)化。結(jié)合室內(nèi)模型試驗以及FEFLOW有限元軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬,分析馬蘭黃土邊坡在降雨狀態(tài)下的飽和過程,降雨入滲深度以及邊坡破壞過程,建立了對應(yīng)的數(shù)值模型,同時結(jié)合室內(nèi)人工降雨試驗,提出非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊邊坡的穩(wěn)定性評價方法,給出各種因素影響下邊坡的穩(wěn)定性情況,給出合理的優(yōu)化方案。論文的主要研究內(nèi)容和成果如下：1.在野外地質(zhì)調(diào)查以及研究區(qū)基礎(chǔ)水文地質(zhì)、工程地質(zhì)資料收集的基礎(chǔ)上,總結(jié)河曲縣梁家磧礦山的自然地理條件以及礦山研究區(qū)的工程地質(zhì)特征,以及馬蘭黃土高邊坡的變形破壞特征。礦山內(nèi)邊坡馬蘭黃土裂隙較發(fā)育,由于長時間的煤礦開采,導(dǎo)致采場邊坡普遍高陡,且受人工開挖和降雨等外力的影響,往往導(dǎo)致坡體存在不穩(wěn)定因素。根據(jù)現(xiàn)場勘查,區(qū)內(nèi)馬蘭黃土高邊坡的變形破壞主要表現(xiàn)為局部崩塌。礦山內(nèi)馬蘭黃土邊坡坡角高陡、節(jié)理裂隙發(fā)育、降雨侵蝕以及開挖坡面使坡角發(fā)生破壞是邊坡局部破壞的主要內(nèi)在因素。在邊坡開挖以及降雨等因素的影響下,邊坡土體向臨空方向卸荷,在坡腳、坡肩等區(qū)域發(fā)生局部破壞最終誘發(fā)滑坡。2.為分析非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊坡內(nèi)部土體穩(wěn)定性參數(shù)變化情況,在微觀方面研究了馬蘭黃土的土體體積含水量、基質(zhì)吸力的關(guān)系曲線；在宏觀上進(jìn)行室內(nèi)降雨實驗、強度實驗,坡體滲流場數(shù)值模擬等手段綜合分析�；谏鲜鲅芯克悸�,從現(xiàn)場采集了馬蘭黃土的試樣,并根據(jù)土樣的干密度的不同,制備了4組重塑試樣。以V-G模型為依據(jù),對脫濕狀態(tài)下試樣的基質(zhì)吸力數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行擬合,繪制土水特征曲線(SWCC)。探討不同干密度對應(yīng)的坡體高度吸力變化曲線,并結(jié)合統(tǒng)計學(xué)的V-G模型對脫濕狀態(tài)下非飽和馬蘭黃土的滲透系數(shù)曲線進(jìn)行了計算模擬。3.為將前面的實驗結(jié)果更好的耦合到穩(wěn)定性分析中,分析馬蘭黃土高邊坡在降雨、坡高及坡比因素下的失穩(wěn)情況,利用實驗槽以及降雨設(shè)備等器材進(jìn)行試驗設(shè)計,建立不同降雨以及坡體條件下的邊坡模型。按照工程經(jīng)驗結(jié)合相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)設(shè)計了45。、60°、70°三個坡度等級的邊坡,坡高范圍設(shè)計在45cm、60cm、70cm以1：100的模型相似比例以及天然狀態(tài)下的含水率12%建立滑坡模型。降雨強度則按大雨～暴雨的等級設(shè)置了60mm、90mm、120mm三個區(qū)間。為了直觀反映降雨對于坡體內(nèi)部孔隙水壓力以及含水率的影響,在室內(nèi)降雨模型邊坡的坡腳、坡頂、中部以及坡體內(nèi)部中埋設(shè)孔隙水壓力計以及水分儀,通過連接數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng),觀察在不同工況下,孔壓計以及水分儀數(shù)據(jù)的變化。通過試驗槽的網(wǎng)格以及高清攝像頭、照相機(jī)等設(shè)備,觀察坡體變形—破壞情況。通過設(shè)計正交試驗對不同工況下邊坡的破壞情況以及利用spss軟件進(jìn)行因素方差分析。結(jié)果表明：三個影響因子坡比、降雨、坡高,對邊坡的穩(wěn)定性影響程度依次為雨強坡度坡高。因此在實際工程中,較大的雨強,較高的坡高以及高陡的坡度將使非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊坡產(chǎn)生滑坡的概率大大的增加。4.為直觀的顯示所有參數(shù)間的聯(lián)系,分析室內(nèi)人工降雨模型實驗數(shù)據(jù)是否符合實際情況,將非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊坡人工降雨模型試驗的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入FEFLOW中進(jìn)行模擬觀察,建立邊坡的滲流場模型,以觀察坡體在降雨條件下,坡體內(nèi)部孔隙水壓力以及含水率的變化情況,以時間步長為1天、5天進(jìn)行模擬計算,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)邊坡在強降雨條件下降在表層土體中將產(chǎn)生一個暫態(tài)的土體飽和帶,短期內(nèi)邊坡降雨難以影響浸潤線以下的土體；坡腳以及坡肩產(chǎn)生的飽和帶的擴(kuò)大將使整個非飽和馬蘭黃土邊坡的穩(wěn)定系數(shù)降低。5.總結(jié)了國內(nèi)外飽和—非飽和土邊坡穩(wěn)定的研究方法,針對采場非飽和馬蘭黃土高邊坡在接受降雨的條件下進(jìn)行了穩(wěn)定性驗算設(shè)計,并在驗證之后對坡體的優(yōu)化方案提出了相關(guān)建議東部海拔高程1040m邊坡坡體幾何參數(shù)設(shè)計值為：單級坡高為10m,坡角55°,臺階寬度按照相關(guān)規(guī)范采用6m、lOm間隔布置,將達(dá)到良好的穩(wěn)定效果。
[Abstract]:Malan Loess is a kind of soil widely distributed in Northwest China, with a total area of about 640,000 m2. Its physical and mechanical properties lead to soil erosion, landslides, and other geological disasters on human production and construction have varying degrees of impact, involving mine engineering, water conservancy and Hydropower projects, road and bridge engineering, Railway Engineering and many other fields. In the loess-covered areas of Northwest China, the scale and difficulty of engineering construction have been enlarged year by year. The study on the physical and mechanical properties of loess and the engineering geological conditions in the Loess Plateau area of Northwest China has been deepened year by year. The main stream, bordering Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, is an economic and cultural center adjacent to the three provinces. In recent years, on this basis, new industries such as hydraulic resources, mineral resources and electric power development have been developed. Deterioration, under the conditions of rainfall, human activities, landslides, landslides and other geological hazards occur year by year, the number of times increased. Because most of the mine in Hequ in the open-pit mining situation after artificial slope cutting, so in the mining area of the stope slope formed a lot of Malan loess high slope, with the deepening of mining depth and mining technology to improve the mine slope. The excavation design and stability checking calculation have become an urgent problem to be solved. The engineering geological study of the loess high slope in Hequ mine will effectively solve the problem of the stability of the stope slope, ensure the safe production of the mining area, effectively promote the geological environment control of the loess high slope in Hequ and similar northwest areas. In this paper, the unsaturated physical properties and the corresponding slope stability of unsaturated Malan loess high slope are studied. Laboratory experiments and model experiments are carried out on Malan loess to study the micro-effects of matrix suction and water content on Loess particles. The relationship curve between soil volume water content and matrix suction is obtained. The stability of unsaturated Malan loess slope is analyzed and calculated by using the formula of unsaturated soil strength coefficient. The stability coefficient and safety coefficient of unsaturated Malan loess high slope under different working conditions are obtained. The stability of mine slope under different working conditions is made. The saturation process, rainfall infiltration depth and slope failure process of Malan loess slope under rainfall condition are analyzed by numerical simulation combined with indoor model test and FEFLOW finite element software. The corresponding numerical model is established, and the unsaturated Malan loess high-side slope is proposed by combining with indoor artificial rainfall test. The main contents and achievements of this paper are as follows: 1. On the basis of field geological survey, basic hydrogeology and engineering geological data collection, the natural geographical conditions of Liangjiaqi mine in Hequ County are summarized. And the engineering geological characteristics of the mine research area, as well as the deformation and failure characteristics of the Malan loess high slope. The Malan loess fissure is well developed in the mine slope. Because of the long-term coal mining, the stope slope is generally high and steep, and is influenced by external forces such as artificial excavation and rainfall, which often leads to the existence of unstable factors. The deformation and failure of Malan loess high slope is mainly manifested by local collapse.The slope angle of Malan loess slope is high and steep,the joints and fissures are developed,the rainfall erosion and the slope angle destroyed by excavation are the main internal factors of the local failure of the slope.Under the influence of slope excavation and rainfall,the soil mass of the slope is in the air direction. In order to analyze the variation of soil stability parameters in unsaturated Malan loess high slope, the relationship curves of soil volume water content and matrix suction were studied in microscopic aspect; in macroscopic aspect, indoor rainfall experiment, strength experiment and slope body suction were carried out. Based on the above research ideas, the samples of Malan loess were collected from the field and four groups of remolded samples were prepared according to the different dry densities of the samples. Based on V-G model, the matrix suction data of the samples were fitted and the soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) were drawn. The suction curve of the slope height corresponding to the density is calculated and simulated with the V-G model. 3. In order to better couple the experimental results to the stability analysis, the instability of Malan loess high slope under rainfall, slope height and slope ratio is analyzed. According to the engineering experience and the relevant literature, the slope of grade 45, 60, 70 is designed. The range of slope height is designed to be 45 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm in the same proportion of 1:100 model and natural condition. Landslide model is established with 12% water content. Rainfall intensity is divided into three sections of 60mm, 90mm and 120mm according to the grade of heavy rain to heavy rain. By connecting the data acquisition system, the data changes of pore pressure meter and moisture meter under different working conditions are observed. The deformation and failure of slope body are observed through the grid of test trough, high-definition camera, camera and other equipment. The failure of slope under different working conditions is designed by orthogonal test and the variance of factors is carried out by SPSS software. The results show that the slope ratio, rainfall, slope height, and the degree of influence on slope stability are rainfall intensity and slope height in turn. Therefore, in practical engineering, the larger rainfall intensity, higher slope height and high steep slope will greatly increase the probability of landslide of unsaturated Malan loess high slope. The relationship between parameters is analyzed, and whether the experimental data of artificial rainfall model in laboratory conform to the actual situation is analyzed. The artificial rainfall model test data of unsaturated Malan loess high slope are imported into FEFLOW for simulation observation, and the seepage field model of slope is established to observe the change of pore water pressure and water content in slope body under rainfall condition. The results show that a transient saturated zone will be formed when the slope falls on the surface soil under the condition of heavy rainfall, and it is difficult to affect the soil below the saturated line in the short term. The stability coefficient of slope decreases. 5. The research methods of saturated-unsaturated soil slope stability at home and abroad are summarized. The stability checking design of unsaturated Malan loess high slope in stope is carried out under the condition of accepting rainfall. After verification, the relevant suggestions on slope geometry of 1040 m East elevation slope are put forward. The design parameters are as follows: the height of single-stage slope is 10m, the slope angle is 55 degrees, the width of step is 6m and the interval of lOm is arranged according to relevant specifications, which will achieve good stability effect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P642.131
本文編號：2230782
[Abstract]:Malan Loess is a kind of soil widely distributed in Northwest China, with a total area of about 640,000 m2. Its physical and mechanical properties lead to soil erosion, landslides, and other geological disasters on human production and construction have varying degrees of impact, involving mine engineering, water conservancy and Hydropower projects, road and bridge engineering, Railway Engineering and many other fields. In the loess-covered areas of Northwest China, the scale and difficulty of engineering construction have been enlarged year by year. The study on the physical and mechanical properties of loess and the engineering geological conditions in the Loess Plateau area of Northwest China has been deepened year by year. The main stream, bordering Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, is an economic and cultural center adjacent to the three provinces. In recent years, on this basis, new industries such as hydraulic resources, mineral resources and electric power development have been developed. Deterioration, under the conditions of rainfall, human activities, landslides, landslides and other geological hazards occur year by year, the number of times increased. Because most of the mine in Hequ in the open-pit mining situation after artificial slope cutting, so in the mining area of the stope slope formed a lot of Malan loess high slope, with the deepening of mining depth and mining technology to improve the mine slope. The excavation design and stability checking calculation have become an urgent problem to be solved. The engineering geological study of the loess high slope in Hequ mine will effectively solve the problem of the stability of the stope slope, ensure the safe production of the mining area, effectively promote the geological environment control of the loess high slope in Hequ and similar northwest areas. In this paper, the unsaturated physical properties and the corresponding slope stability of unsaturated Malan loess high slope are studied. Laboratory experiments and model experiments are carried out on Malan loess to study the micro-effects of matrix suction and water content on Loess particles. The relationship curve between soil volume water content and matrix suction is obtained. The stability of unsaturated Malan loess slope is analyzed and calculated by using the formula of unsaturated soil strength coefficient. The stability coefficient and safety coefficient of unsaturated Malan loess high slope under different working conditions are obtained. The stability of mine slope under different working conditions is made. The saturation process, rainfall infiltration depth and slope failure process of Malan loess slope under rainfall condition are analyzed by numerical simulation combined with indoor model test and FEFLOW finite element software. The corresponding numerical model is established, and the unsaturated Malan loess high-side slope is proposed by combining with indoor artificial rainfall test. The main contents and achievements of this paper are as follows: 1. On the basis of field geological survey, basic hydrogeology and engineering geological data collection, the natural geographical conditions of Liangjiaqi mine in Hequ County are summarized. And the engineering geological characteristics of the mine research area, as well as the deformation and failure characteristics of the Malan loess high slope. The Malan loess fissure is well developed in the mine slope. Because of the long-term coal mining, the stope slope is generally high and steep, and is influenced by external forces such as artificial excavation and rainfall, which often leads to the existence of unstable factors. The deformation and failure of Malan loess high slope is mainly manifested by local collapse.The slope angle of Malan loess slope is high and steep,the joints and fissures are developed,the rainfall erosion and the slope angle destroyed by excavation are the main internal factors of the local failure of the slope.Under the influence of slope excavation and rainfall,the soil mass of the slope is in the air direction. In order to analyze the variation of soil stability parameters in unsaturated Malan loess high slope, the relationship curves of soil volume water content and matrix suction were studied in microscopic aspect; in macroscopic aspect, indoor rainfall experiment, strength experiment and slope body suction were carried out. Based on the above research ideas, the samples of Malan loess were collected from the field and four groups of remolded samples were prepared according to the different dry densities of the samples. Based on V-G model, the matrix suction data of the samples were fitted and the soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) were drawn. The suction curve of the slope height corresponding to the density is calculated and simulated with the V-G model. 3. In order to better couple the experimental results to the stability analysis, the instability of Malan loess high slope under rainfall, slope height and slope ratio is analyzed. According to the engineering experience and the relevant literature, the slope of grade 45, 60, 70 is designed. The range of slope height is designed to be 45 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm in the same proportion of 1:100 model and natural condition. Landslide model is established with 12% water content. Rainfall intensity is divided into three sections of 60mm, 90mm and 120mm according to the grade of heavy rain to heavy rain. By connecting the data acquisition system, the data changes of pore pressure meter and moisture meter under different working conditions are observed. The deformation and failure of slope body are observed through the grid of test trough, high-definition camera, camera and other equipment. The failure of slope under different working conditions is designed by orthogonal test and the variance of factors is carried out by SPSS software. The results show that the slope ratio, rainfall, slope height, and the degree of influence on slope stability are rainfall intensity and slope height in turn. Therefore, in practical engineering, the larger rainfall intensity, higher slope height and high steep slope will greatly increase the probability of landslide of unsaturated Malan loess high slope. The relationship between parameters is analyzed, and whether the experimental data of artificial rainfall model in laboratory conform to the actual situation is analyzed. The artificial rainfall model test data of unsaturated Malan loess high slope are imported into FEFLOW for simulation observation, and the seepage field model of slope is established to observe the change of pore water pressure and water content in slope body under rainfall condition. The results show that a transient saturated zone will be formed when the slope falls on the surface soil under the condition of heavy rainfall, and it is difficult to affect the soil below the saturated line in the short term. The stability coefficient of slope decreases. 5. The research methods of saturated-unsaturated soil slope stability at home and abroad are summarized. The stability checking design of unsaturated Malan loess high slope in stope is carried out under the condition of accepting rainfall. After verification, the relevant suggestions on slope geometry of 1040 m East elevation slope are put forward. The design parameters are as follows: the height of single-stage slope is 10m, the slope angle is 55 degrees, the width of step is 6m and the interval of lOm is arranged according to relevant specifications, which will achieve good stability effect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P642.131
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