本文選題：白鶴 + 遷徙中轉(zhuǎn)停歇地　； 參考：《東北師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：白鶴(Grusleucogeranus)是IUCN瀕危物種紅色名錄中的CR(極危)級物種,全球數(shù)量約為4000只。目前對白鶴及其停歇地的保護(hù)和研究受到了國內(nèi)外的高度重視。莫莫格國家級自然保護(hù)區(qū)為白鶴東部種群遷徙路線上的重要中轉(zhuǎn)停歇地,停歇的數(shù)量超過整個種群的95%。近幾年,由于該區(qū)域環(huán)境變化和某些保護(hù)策略的不科學(xué),致使停歇地有些泡沼補(bǔ)水過剩,而有些卻面臨著干涸,影響了白鶴的正常停歇和有效棲息面積的增加。如何科學(xué)合理的利用水資源,實現(xiàn)白鶴停歇地的保育,已經(jīng)成為白鶴保護(hù)工作中亟待解決的問題。本研究以環(huán)境生態(tài)學(xué)理論為指導(dǎo),針對莫莫格保護(hù)區(qū)存在的生態(tài)問題,收集了1983~2013年間白鶴現(xiàn)今及歷史停歇地水文條件變化、白鶴食物(扁稈呰草Scirpusplaniculmis)的生長情況、白鶴數(shù)量變化及其他資料,采用水文模型模擬方法,對現(xiàn)今停歇地已有的恢復(fù)工程進(jìn)行了評價,并對不合理的補(bǔ)水方案提出了調(diào)整建議,以此為基礎(chǔ)計算了現(xiàn)今停歇地的白鶴環(huán)境容納量,說明了對白鶴歷史停歇地補(bǔ)水恢復(fù)的必要性。應(yīng)用生態(tài)需水量計算和三維動態(tài)模擬方法,模擬兩種情景下白鶴歷史停歇地不同補(bǔ)水量的棲息地水環(huán)境狀況并提出補(bǔ)水的實施建議。論文取得了以下研究結(jié)果:(1)研究白鶴停歇習(xí)性、白鶴主要食物扁稈呰草地上和地下生物量與地表水位之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果表明扁稈呰草正常生長的水位范圍為-0.05m~0.3m。當(dāng)水位為0.1m左右時,扁稈呰草地上、地下生物量達(dá)到最大值。白鶴多數(shù)在水位為0m~0.5m的區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)停歇、取食,活動數(shù)量能夠達(dá)到整個研究區(qū)停歇白鶴種群數(shù)量的92.70%。因此,確定停歇地生境適合白鶴種群活動和扁稈呰草生長的最適水位范圍為0m~0.3m。這些水位參數(shù)的確定能夠為白鶴停歇地補(bǔ)水量的計算提供科學(xué)的依據(jù)。(2)應(yīng)用水文模型模擬了白鶴現(xiàn)今停歇地濕地恢復(fù)工程建設(shè)后的日水位變化情況,分析了恢復(fù)工程實施前后水文、植被和白鶴數(shù)量的變化。結(jié)果表明:在工程建設(shè)初期3年,白鶴生境恢復(fù)效果顯著,具有適宜白鶴種群停歇的水位,扁稈呰草分布面積增加,蓋度達(dá)到55%~65%,白鶴種群累計停歇數(shù)量最大時達(dá)到恢復(fù)前的4倍,濕地恢復(fù)工程的建設(shè)對白鶴現(xiàn)今停歇地保護(hù)和生境提供發(fā)揮了重要的作用;證實了因補(bǔ)水管理方案的不科學(xué),工程建設(shè)3年之后白鶴生境質(zhì)量下降,平均水位達(dá)到了0.6m,扁稈呰草分布面積銳減,白鶴數(shù)量下降;采用恢復(fù)初期白鶴最佳停歇時段的水位變化作為恢復(fù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),提出了兩階段、三梯度且精確到日補(bǔ)水量的管理方案,即夏初和植被生長季節(jié)按照不同需水情況采取兩個梯度持續(xù)供水,保證白鶴秋季停歇水位及扁稈呰草生長水位;秋末采取大水量快速供水,滿足翌年春季白鶴停歇要求的管理建議。(3)依據(jù)基礎(chǔ)生態(tài)學(xué)的理論和方法,根據(jù)對白鶴取食行為觀察及現(xiàn)今停歇地合理恢復(fù)后的食物儲量,估算了現(xiàn)今停歇地的白鶴環(huán)境容納量。研究結(jié)果表明,一只白鶴一年在莫莫格進(jìn)食大約1.49×105個扁稈呰草球莖,白鶴現(xiàn)今停歇地理論上能夠承載大約2765只白鶴停歇。近些年的白鶴實際停歇數(shù)量已經(jīng)達(dá)到并超過了這一閾值。為了減小白鶴現(xiàn)今停歇地的壓力,防止停歇環(huán)境惡化并滿足其食物需求,加快對白鶴歷史停歇地的恢復(fù)以擴(kuò)大適宜停歇面積,成為對該種群進(jìn)一步保育應(yīng)采取的必要措施。(4)根據(jù)白鶴歷史停歇地1988~2007年白鶴數(shù)量和濕地面積等指標(biāo)的動態(tài)分析,估算了歷史停歇地適宜白鶴停歇的最小和最適生態(tài)需水量分別為2.47×108m~3~3.66×108m~3和4.96×108m~3~10.36×108m~3;建立研究區(qū)三維靜態(tài)模型驗證計算結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性,并按照不同閾值下的生態(tài)需水量和β值進(jìn)行補(bǔ)水模擬,校正后的最小和最適生態(tài)需水量分別為3.75×108m~3和5.21×108m~3。在此基礎(chǔ)上結(jié)合研究區(qū)實際來水量、來水途徑和可操作性,進(jìn)一步提出了恢復(fù)白鶴歷史停歇地的三種生態(tài)補(bǔ)水方案:一是水量充足時根據(jù)嫩江的水文規(guī)律和補(bǔ)水區(qū)域的實際情況,采取全年持續(xù)供水方式。二是根據(jù)豐水年、枯水年周期模擬洪水過境情況進(jìn)行補(bǔ)水。三是來水量不足時可實施的分區(qū)補(bǔ)水�；谘芯康姆治鼋Y(jié)果,得出既適宜白鶴種群活動又有利于扁稈呰草生長的最適水位范圍為0 m~0.3 m。據(jù)此評估的白鶴現(xiàn)今停歇地恢復(fù)工程初期有利于白鶴的停歇,而后期對停歇造成了較大影響,為此提出了兩階段,三梯度的補(bǔ)水模擬方案。現(xiàn)今停歇地的白鶴環(huán)境容納量已經(jīng)超過其閾值,需要對歷史停歇地進(jìn)行生態(tài)恢復(fù)。校正后的歷史停歇地最小和最適生態(tài)需水量分別為3.75×108m~3和5.21×108m~3。本文對該區(qū)域白鶴停歇地的恢復(fù)方法和管理方案可為松嫩平原大型水禽停歇地的恢復(fù)提供有應(yīng)用價值的參照,同時也為中國其他地區(qū)大型涉禽棲息地的恢復(fù)與管理提供參考。
[Abstract]:White crane (Grusleucogeranus) is a CR (extremely dangerous) species in the red list of endangered species of IUCN, with a global number of about 4000. At present, the protection and study of white cranes and their rest sites have been highly valued at home and abroad. Over the 95%. of the whole population in recent years, due to the environmental changes in the region and the unscientific protection strategies, some of the pause sites have been oversupplied by some bubbling marshes, while some are faced with the drying up, which affects the normal rest of the white crane and the increase of the effective habitat area. Based on the theory of environmental ecology, this study, guided by the theory of environmental ecology, collected the changes of the current and historical hydrologic conditions of the white cranes in the 1983~2013 period, the growth of the white crane food (Scirpusplaniculmis), the change of the white crane and the others. The data, using the hydrological model simulation method, appraise the existing restoration projects in the rest of the land, and put forward some suggestions for the adjustment of the unreasonable water supplement scheme, which is based on the calculation of the environmental capacity of the white crane at the present rest and the necessity of the restoration of the water in the historical stop of the white crane. The three dimensional dynamic simulation method was used to simulate the water environment conditions of the habitat of white cranes with different water replenishment at the historic sites and put forward the suggestions for the implementation of water supplement. The following results were obtained: (1) the relationship between the resting habits of white cranes and the relationship between the ground and ground biomass and the surface water level of the white crane's main food flat straw grassland. The water level of normal growth of the grass is -0.05m~0.3m. when the water level is about 0.1M. The underground biomass reaches the maximum value on the flat straw grassland. Most of the white cranes rest in a regional range of 0m~0.5m, and the number of activities can reach 92.70%. of the number of white cranes in the whole study area. The optimum water level of the growth of the white crane population and the growth of the flat straw is 0m~0.3m., which can provide scientific basis for the calculation of the amount of water replenishment of the white crane. (2) the changes of the daily water level after the construction of the restoration project of the white crane are simulated by the application of the hydrologic model, and the results of the restoration project are analyzed before the implementation of the restoration project. After 3 years of engineering construction, the results showed that the restoration effect of white crane habitat was remarkable in the early 3 years of the project construction, with the water level suitable for the rest of white crane population, the distribution area of flattened straw was increased, the coverage reached 55%~65%, and the cumulative stop number of the white crane population reached 4 times that of the restoration, and the construction of the wetland restoration project was white. After 3 years of engineering construction, the quality of the White Crane Habitat decreased, the average water level reached 0.6m, the area of the flat straw was reduced sharply and the number of white cranes decreased. The standard, two stages, three gradient and accurate water supply management plan, that is, in early summer and vegetation growing season, two gradient continuous water supply is adopted in accordance with different water requirements to ensure the water level of the white crane in autumn and the growth water level of flat straw, and the water supply of large amount of water is adopted in the end of autumn to meet the management of the white crane stopping requirements in the following spring. (3) according to the theory and method of basic ecology, according to the observation of the feeding behavior of the white crane and the reasonable recovery of the food reserves, the environmental capacity of the white crane at the present resting place is estimated. The results show that a white crane eats about 1.49 x 105 straw bulbs at Momo in one year, and the white crane is resting today. In recent years, it can hold about 2765 white cranes to stop. The actual number of white cranes in recent years has reached and exceeded the threshold. In order to reduce the pressure of the white cranes at present, prevent the deterioration of the environment and meet its food demand, speed up the restoration of the historic site of the white crane to expand the appropriate rest area and become the population of the population. The necessary measures should be taken for one-step conservation. (4) according to the dynamic analysis of the number of white cranes and the wetland area in 1988~2007, the minimum and optimum ecological water requirements of the historical rest sites were estimated to be 2.47 x 108m~3~3.66 x 108m~3 and 4.96 x 108m~3~10.36 x 108m~3, respectively. The model verified the accuracy of the calculation results, and simulated the water supply according to the ecological water demand and the beta value under different thresholds. The minimum and optimum ecological water requirements after correction were 3.75 * 108m~3 and 5.21 x 108m~3., respectively, on the basis of which the actual water quantity, the way and the maneuverability of the study area were combined, and the historical stop of the white crane was further proposed. Three ecological water supplement schemes are taken as follows: first, according to the hydrological law of Nenjiang and the actual situation of the water supplement area, the continuous water supply mode is adopted. Two is based on the year of abundant water, the year period of the dry water is simulated by the flood transit. Three is the subarea replenishment that can be applied when the water is insufficient. Based on the results of the research, the results are obtained. The optimum water level which is suitable for the population activity of white crane is 0 m~0.3 M., which is beneficial to the suspension of white cranes in the early stage of the restoration of the white crane, and the later period has a great influence on the rest. Therefore, the two stage, the three gradient water supplement simulation scheme. The capacity has exceeded its threshold, and the ecological restoration of historical rest areas is needed. The minimum and optimum ecological water demand after correction is 3.75 x 108m~3 and 5.21 x 108m~3. respectively. The recovery method and management of the white crane resting place in this area can provide the application price for the restoration of large waterfowl in the Songnen Plain. It also provides reference for the restoration and management of large wading habitats in other parts of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：Q958

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本文編號：1982280