本文選題：古冰緣地貌 + 立地環(huán)境　； 參考：《遼寧師范大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：以典型古冰緣地貌分布較為集中的遼東山地老禿頂子為研究區(qū)域,采用常規(guī)地貌調(diào)查、植物群落學(xué)調(diào)查、立地環(huán)境因子調(diào)查與實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試分析,以及植被數(shù)量分析和數(shù)理模型分析相結(jié)合的研究方法,對(duì)古冰緣地貌特征及環(huán)境效應(yīng)、立地環(huán)境特征、植物群落類型及生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育特征進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究;界定了古冰緣地貌植物群落穩(wěn)定性內(nèi)涵,并基于此,綜合選取植被、基質(zhì)、地形、土壤、氣象水文因子,構(gòu)建評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,對(duì)遼東山地古冰緣地貌環(huán)境植物群落穩(wěn)定性進(jìn)行了定量評(píng)價(jià).主要結(jié)論為:(1)研究區(qū)發(fā)育的古冰緣地貌類型主要有石河、石流坡、石海,偶有石堡、雪蝕洼地、寒凍風(fēng)化坍塌崖、倒石堆.石河地貌多分布于海拔范圍690～1130 m(地貌坡度介于5°～35°);石流坡地貌多分布于海拔820～1300 m(20°～35°);石海地貌集中分布在海拔1 300 m的山頂平緩處(約為7°).自海拔由高向低,古冰緣地貌類型排布方式為石堡—寒凍風(fēng)化坍塌崖—石海—雪蝕洼地—倒石堆—石流坡—石河,高海拔地貌為低海拔地貌提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),低海拔地貌是高海拔地貌過(guò)程的縱向延伸,垂直梯度上地貌演替序列呈逐漸變化.冰緣營(yíng)力自上而下趨于復(fù)雜化,由簡(jiǎn)單的寒凍凍脹-重力作用轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閮雒?熱融-雪蝕、磨蝕的綜合作用,反映冰緣過(guò)程隨海拔的降低呈現(xiàn)出由簡(jiǎn)至繁的變化趨勢(shì).(2)基質(zhì)以花崗巖、片麻巖為主,厚度數(shù)米至數(shù)十米不等、磨圓度多為亞圓狀,且均被地衣、苔蘚等覆蓋.石河地貌礫石長(zhǎng)軸介于30.9～183.9cm,礫石AB面傾向129°～212°,傾角 26°～54°;石流坡礫石長(zhǎng)軸 26.8～164.6cm,AB 面 126°～324°,傾角 29°～62°;石海礫石長(zhǎng)軸39～168cm,AB面156°～237°,傾角25°～43°,礫石堆積雜亂無(wú)序,坡度較陡的石河、石流坡地貌更易發(fā)生礫石翻滾,其難以保水、保熱、保肥的基質(zhì)特點(diǎn)是群落形成及穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的一大阻礙.區(qū)內(nèi)50%的石河發(fā)育在北坡谷地;石流坡則多在坡中(23.5%)、坡上(47.1%);而石海(57.1%)多形成于山頂.本區(qū)土壤厚度薄厚不等,石間縫隙及苔蘚下均有發(fā)育.土壤組分由粉砂(69.64%)、黏土(20.74%)和砂(9.62%)構(gòu)成;土質(zhì)易于形成團(tuán)聚體,具有良好的通氣性、透水性.低海拔(土厚7.5～95cm,均值約38.2cm)的石河土壤酸度弱(4.11～6.02,均值約4.9)、淋失少、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量高(22.15%),土壤水溶液環(huán)境利于水化、水解及微生物作用的進(jìn)行,成壤作用最優(yōu);中高海拔的石流坡土壤(厚度6.5～90cm,均值20.6 cm)淋失較大、酸性較強(qiáng)(3.87～5.03,均值約4.5),成壤較差;高海拔段的石海土壤則略顯粘重且易于淋洗,但有機(jī)質(zhì)含量較高(17.11%),利于草本植物發(fā)育.區(qū)內(nèi)土壤礦質(zhì)元素含量豐富,但均發(fā)生了不同程度的元素淋失、遷移,尤以中高海拔的石流坡地貌土壤顯著;海拔較低且植被覆蓋良好的石河地貌土壤元素遷移量較小.本區(qū)豐沛的降水補(bǔ)給(夏季月降水約223 mm)、適宜的日照、溫濕度(夏季氣溫約21.6℃;10℃積溫可達(dá)670℃)以及地表大量的地被物累積在很大程度上彌補(bǔ)了基質(zhì)不良的劣勢(shì),外加區(qū)內(nèi)有多條暗河發(fā)育,為植物群落的形成及穩(wěn)定發(fā)展提供了有力支持.(3)本區(qū)植物種類繼承于第三紀(jì)古老植物群,冰緣過(guò)程使區(qū)內(nèi)植被經(jīng)歷了溫暖濕潤(rùn)—潮濕寒冷—溫暖濕潤(rùn)的氣候旋回過(guò)程,植物種組成變化表現(xiàn)為由繁化簡(jiǎn)—由簡(jiǎn)至繁的過(guò)程,植株體也同樣經(jīng)歷由大到小—由小到大的演化趨勢(shì).植物群落可劃分為16個(gè)森林群系和6個(gè)灌叢群系;植被類型劃分為落葉闊葉林、針闊混交林、暗針葉林、矮曲林、灌叢和灌草叢,石河地貌主要發(fā)育落葉闊葉林、針闊混交林和暗針葉林;石流坡地貌主要發(fā)育落葉闊葉林、灌叢和針闊混交林;石海地貌主要發(fā)育灌叢和灌草叢.調(diào)查記錄到維管束植物68科138屬193種,其中蕨類植物8科10屬14種,裸子植物1科3屬4種,雙子葉植物53科106屬150種,單子葉植物6科19屬25種;種子植物中,高位芽植物占38.0%、隱芽植物占36.3%、地面芽植物占21.8%、地上芽植物占1.1%、一年生植物占2.8%.多樣性以石河地貌H'指數(shù)(1.56)、D'指數(shù)(0.72)均呈高值,但草本S呈低值(16);石流坡上覆群落各層片及總體的H'、D'指數(shù)均處于居中水平;石海群落喬、灌木層及總體的H'指數(shù)、D'指數(shù)都最低,但草本層S、H'、D'指數(shù)均最高(25、2.08、0.84).相似性分析得到石海與石河屬中等不相似;石河與石流坡屬中等相似;石海與石流坡群落除灌木層屬中等相似外,喬木層、草本層及整個(gè)群落都屬中等不相似.各樣地群落優(yōu)勢(shì)種喬木幼苗、幼樹比例約占30%,植被自然更新潛力較大.海拔因素所限制的水熱條件差異是影響本區(qū)植物種垂直分布的主要原因,而古冰緣地貌獨(dú)有的基質(zhì)環(huán)境只會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生一定的影響.(4)古冰緣地貌植物群落穩(wěn)定性受來(lái)自基質(zhì)、地形、土壤、氣象水文等共同影響,并以植被為核心,各立地因子間相互協(xié)調(diào),實(shí)現(xiàn)群落的穩(wěn)定發(fā)展.依此內(nèi)涵選取30個(gè)指標(biāo)因子植被覆蓋度、物種豐富度...等,構(gòu)建穩(wěn)定性評(píng)價(jià)體系,并應(yīng)用熵權(quán)物元可拓模型評(píng)價(jià).結(jié)果顯示,穩(wěn)定性等級(jí)多為Ⅱ級(jí)(39.6%)、Ⅲ級(jí)(43.8%),等級(jí)Ⅳ和Ⅴ各占12.5%和4.1%,即穩(wěn)定性水平達(dá)到"中等"和"較高"的樣地共占80%以上,可認(rèn)為本區(qū)植物群落穩(wěn)定性整體水平較好.其中,Ⅱ(石河)占41.7%,Ⅲ(石河)占58.3%;Ⅱ(石流坡)占47.0%,Ⅲ(石流坡)占35.3%,Ⅳ(石流坡)占11.8%,Ⅳ(石流坡)占5.9%;Ⅱ(石海)、Ⅲ(石海)、Ⅴ(石海)各占14.3%,Ⅳ(石海)占57.1%.在垂直分布上,植物群落穩(wěn)定性水平具有隨海拔升高逐漸降低的特點(diǎn);在水平分布上,穩(wěn)定性則以山頂為低水平中心,向外圍呈輻射增高狀分布.
[Abstract]:Taking the old bald top of Liaodong mountain area with a typical palaeoggeomorphic geomorphic geomorphology as the research area, the common geomorphologic survey, plant community study, site environmental factors investigation and experimental analysis, and the combination of vegetation quantity analysis and mathematical model analysis are used to study the geomorphic features and environmental effects of the palaeo ice edge and the site ring. The characteristics of the environment, plant community type and growth and development were systematically studied, and the stability of the palaeogomorphic geomorphic plant community was defined. Based on this, the evaluation index system was constructed to evaluate the stability of the plant community in the palaeogaeo palaeogomorphic environment of Liaodong by the comprehensive selection of vegetation, matrix, terrain, soil, meteorological and hydrological factors. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the palaeogomorphic geomorphic types developed in the study area are mainly stone river, stone slope, stone sea, even stone castle, snow erosion depression, cold weathering cliff and inverted stone pile. The stone river geomorphology is mostly distributed at 690~1130 m above sea level (the landform slope is from 5 to 35 degrees), and the landforms of stone flow slope are mostly distributed at 820~1300 m (20 to 35 degrees) above sea level, and the stone sea landforms are mostly distributed. It is concentrated in the gentle peak of 1300 m above sea level (about 7 degrees). From high to low altitude from high to low, the pattern of palaeogomorphic geomorphology arrangement is Shibao - cold weathered cliff, stone sea, snow erosion depression, inverted stone pile - stone river stone river, high altitude geomorphology provides material basis for low altitude geomorphology and low altitude geomorphology is a high elevation geomorphic process. The sequence of geomorphic succession on vertical gradient is gradually changing. The periginal battalion force tends to be complex from top to bottom, and is transformed from simple cold frost heaving gravity to frost heave hot melt snow, and the comprehensive effect of abrasion, reflecting the changing trend of the marginal process with the decrease of altitude. (2) the matrix is granite and gneiss Main, the thickness is from a number of meters to tens of meters, and the grinding roundness is mostly subcircle, and all are covered with lichen and moss. The long axis of gravel is between 30.9 and 183.9cm, the AB surface of gravel tends to be 129 to 212 degrees, the dip angle is 26 to 54 degrees, the long axis of gravel gravel is 26.8 to 164.6cm, the AB surface is 126 to 324 degrees, the dip angle is 29 to 62 degrees, and the stone sea gravel long axis 39 to 168cm, AB surface 1 56 to 237 degrees, the dip angle 25 degree to 43 degrees, gravel accumulation disorderly, steep slope of the stone river, rock slope landform is more prone to gravel rolling, it is difficult to protect the water, the heat preservation, the matrix characteristics of the conservation of fertilizer is a great obstacle to the formation and stable development of the community. In the area, 50% stone river is developed in the northern slope, and the rock slope is more in the slope (23.5%) and on the slope (47.1%). The Shihai (57.1%) is mostly formed on the top of the mountain. The thickness of the soil is different, the gap between the rocks and the moss are developed. The soil components are composed of silt (69.64%), clay (20.74%) and sand (9.62%). The soil is easy to form aggregates, and has good aeration and permeability. The soil acidity of low altitude (soil thickness 7.5 ~ 95cm, mean about 38.2cm) is weak (4.11) To 6.02, the mean value is about 4.9), the leaching loss is less, the content of organic matter is high (22.15%). The soil water solution environment is favorable for hydration, hydrolysis and microbial action, and the soil formation is the best. The medium and high altitude rock slope soil (thickness 6.5 ~ 90cm, mean 20.6 cm) has a larger leaching loss, and the acid is stronger (3.87 to 5.03, mean about 4.5), and the soil is poor; Shi Haitu of high altitude The soil is slightly sticky and easy to wash, but the content of organic matter is higher (17.11%), which is beneficial to the development of herbaceous plants. The content of mineral elements in the soil is abundant, but the leaching of elements in different degrees has occurred, especially in the middle and high altitudes, and the soil element migration of the stone river geomorphology with low altitude and good vegetation cover is good. It is small. The abundant precipitation in this area (about 223 mm in summer monthly precipitation), suitable sunshine, temperature and humidity (about 21.6 C in summer, 670 C at 10 C) and a large amount of ground cover on the surface make up for the bad weakness of the matrix to a great extent, and there are many dark rivers in the added area, which provide the formation and stable development of the plant community. (3) the plant species in this area inherited the ancient third period plant group, and the periglacial process made the vegetation in the region experienced warm humid, humid, humid, cold and warm and moist climate cycle, and the plant species composition changed from the simplification to the propagation process, and the plant body also experienced the evolution from large to small from small to large. Trend. The plant community can be divided into 16 forest groups and 6 shrub groups, and the vegetation types are divided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved forest, dark coniferous forest, dwarf coniferous forest, shrub and shrub, main development of deciduous broadleaved forest, mixed forest and dark coniferous forest in the stone river, and the main development of deciduous broad-leaved forest, shrub and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed landscape. There are 68 families, 138 genera and 193 species of vascular plants, of which 8 families, 10 genera, 14 species, 1 families, 3 genera, 4 species, 53 families, 106 genera and 53 families of dicotyledonous plants, and single cotyledonous plants of 6 families and 3 genera. %, the upper bud plants accounted for 1.1%, the annual plants accounted for the 2.8%. diversity in the Shihe landform H'index (1.56), the D' index (0.72) were all high, but the S was low (16), and the overall H'and D' index were in the middle level; the stone sea community Joe, shrub layer and the overall H'index, D' index were the lowest, but S, H', D' index of the herb layer. The number is the highest (25,2.08,0.84). The similarity analysis shows that the stone river and the stone river are moderately similar; the stone river and the stone flow slope are moderately similar; the stone and stone slope communities are moderately similar to the shrub layer; the arbor layer, the herbaceous layer and the whole community are of medium dissimilarity. The difference in water and heat conditions restricted by altitude factors is the main reason that affects the vertical distribution of plant species in this area, and the matrix environment unique to the palaeogogo geomorphology can only affect it. (4) the stability of the palaeo marginal geomorphic plant community is influenced by the matrix, topography, soil, meteorology and hydrology, and the vegetation is used as the plant community. The core and each site factor coordinate each other to achieve the stable development of the community. According to this connotation, the stability evaluation system is constructed by selecting 30 index factors, such as vegetation coverage, species richness, and so on. The entropy weight matter element extension model is used to evaluate the stability. The results show that the grade of stability is class II (39.6%), grade III (43.8%), grade IV and V in 12.5% and 4 respectively. .1%, which accounts for more than 80% of the stability level of "medium" and "high", can be considered as the overall level of the stability of the plant community. Among them, II (Shi He) accounted for 41.7%, III (Shi He) accounted for 58.3%; II (Shi Liupo) 47%, III (Shi Liupo) 35.3%, Shi Liupo (Shi Liupo) 11.8%, IV (Shi Liupo) 5.9%; II (stone sea), III (stone sea), V (stone sea) Each of the 14.3% and IV (stone sea) accounted for the vertical distribution of 57.1%., and the stability level of the plant community was gradually reduced with the elevation. In the horizontal distribution, the stability was at the low level of the top of the mountain and increased to the periphery.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：Q914;P931.4

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