本文選題：圍填海 + 人工魚(yú)礁　； 參考：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院煙臺(tái)海岸帶研究所》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：近海開(kāi)發(fā)已成為沿海地區(qū)進(jìn)行空間資源擴(kuò)展的主要途徑。大規(guī)模沿海開(kāi)發(fā)活動(dòng)如圍填海工程、海洋牧場(chǎng)建設(shè)等在促進(jìn)了沿海地區(qū)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的同時(shí),對(duì)海洋底棲生境也產(chǎn)生了顯著影響。聲學(xué)方法改變了傳統(tǒng)調(diào)查方法效率不高、獲取信息不全的缺點(diǎn),為底棲生境調(diào)查提供了一種新的技術(shù)方法。多波束聲吶系統(tǒng)是當(dāng)代海洋勘測(cè)中一項(xiàng)高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品,國(guó)內(nèi)將其應(yīng)用于近海底棲生境觀測(cè)、評(píng)估的研究還比較少見(jiàn);聲學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)合分類(lèi)算法可以實(shí)現(xiàn)底棲生境的識(shí)別與評(píng)估,但目前還缺乏人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)底棲生境自動(dòng)化分類(lèi)方法的相關(guān)研究。本論文在總結(jié)多波束數(shù)據(jù)處理方法的基礎(chǔ)上設(shè)計(jì)了一種底棲生境自動(dòng)化制圖方法,實(shí)現(xiàn)人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)底質(zhì)類(lèi)型的識(shí)別;利用高分辨率、高精度的多波束聲吶系統(tǒng),分析人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)、圍填海區(qū)微地形地貌特征。主要研究成果如下:1、設(shè)計(jì)了一種底棲生境自動(dòng)分類(lèi)方法,并將其應(yīng)用于人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)。結(jié)果表明:(1)多波束數(shù)據(jù)量大,包含信息豐富,通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)挖掘可以提取反映海底底質(zhì)屬性的多種聲學(xué)變量(如坡度slope、底棲位置指數(shù)BPI等);(2)PCA能夠在保留主要信息的同時(shí),將多種聲學(xué)變量實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)壓縮,減少數(shù)據(jù)冗余(特征值大于1的前3個(gè)PCs的累積頻率近80%);(3)ISODATA非監(jiān)督分類(lèi)算法與人工解譯方法相比,處理速度快效率高,可以消除相鄰聲相邊界的不確定性,確保分類(lèi)結(jié)果的正確性,大大降低操作人員的偏差,節(jié)省人力成本。這一自動(dòng)化智能分類(lèi)方法在山東近海大規(guī)模人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)取得了良好效果,實(shí)現(xiàn)了魚(yú)礁區(qū)三種基本底質(zhì)(沙質(zhì)海底、泥質(zhì)海底及人工魚(yú)礁)的分類(lèi)識(shí)別。底質(zhì)取樣、水下攝像驗(yàn)證結(jié)果與自動(dòng)化分類(lèi)結(jié)果保持一致,進(jìn)一步證明了該方法的有效性。人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)底棲生境的自動(dòng)化分類(lèi)技術(shù)可以將復(fù)雜的多波束數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)化為可視化的專(zhuān)題圖,能夠使用戶快速獲取感興趣區(qū)的海底底質(zhì)信息,滿足魚(yú)礁管理的需求,具有較強(qiáng)的實(shí)際意義。該底棲生境制圖方法主要在GIS平臺(tái)下完成,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)一步的空間分析與算法改進(jìn)。2、利用多波束系統(tǒng)結(jié)合地理空間分析方法實(shí)現(xiàn)了大規(guī)模人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)底棲生境的監(jiān)測(cè)與評(píng)估。分析結(jié)果顯示:(1)采用多波束聲吶系統(tǒng)能夠快速獲取魚(yú)礁的形態(tài)、分布及其周?chē)５椎奈⒌匦蔚孛残畔?比傳統(tǒng)調(diào)查方法(如水下探摸)準(zhǔn)確度高、效率高、成本低;(2)借助地理信息系統(tǒng)地形分析技術(shù)可以提取魚(yú)礁區(qū)地形特征變量,坡度、曲率、粗糙度、地形耐用指數(shù)以及地形起伏度的高值區(qū)均出現(xiàn)在礁石分布區(qū)域,能夠?qū)⒔甘瘡钠教购５讌^(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái);(3)由于自身重力及水動(dòng)力作用,礁石發(fā)生沉降現(xiàn)象(沉降深度達(dá)0.45 m),魚(yú)礁的存在使底層流速減弱、流向發(fā)生變化,其周?chē)霈F(xiàn)特有的沖淤地形,多波束水深數(shù)據(jù)可以定量分析投石后引起的海底地形變化特征,為人工魚(yú)礁建設(shè)評(píng)估工作提供數(shù)據(jù)支持;(4)不同類(lèi)型的人工魚(yú)礁,其構(gòu)造不同,形成的局部流場(chǎng)也不同,為底棲生物創(chuàng)造了不同的底棲環(huán)境,實(shí)地驗(yàn)證發(fā)現(xiàn)水泥預(yù)制件礁體比山石魚(yú)礁的聚魚(yú)效果更為明顯。高分辨率的多波束數(shù)據(jù)不僅可以反映出海底魚(yú)礁的宏觀信息(分布、規(guī)模、占地面積等),還可以提供魚(yú)礁的微觀信息(三維結(jié)構(gòu)、大小、形狀及沉降深度等),達(dá)到人工魚(yú)礁精準(zhǔn)監(jiān)測(cè)的目的。3、結(jié)合歷史海圖與多波束數(shù)據(jù),在GIS平臺(tái)下構(gòu)建龍口灣水下DEM,分析了龍口灣近50年的形態(tài)演變過(guò)程。結(jié)果顯示:1960s到2010s半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來(lái),龍口灣水下地形地貌發(fā)生了巨大改變,研究區(qū)水域面積減少了13.5 km2。具體來(lái)說(shuō):(1)1960s~1990s,龍口灣自然演變,受人類(lèi)活動(dòng)影響較小;(2)1990s~2000s,龍口港擴(kuò)建加之航道清淤,龍口灣形態(tài)發(fā)生了明顯變化,龍口淺灘面積縮小,平均水深從7.56 m增加到8.16 m;(3)2000s~2010s,龍口港的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展及離岸人工島的建設(shè)使龍口灣海底地形發(fā)生了劇烈改變,龍口淺灘基本消失,人工島北部水下地形復(fù)雜、海底較為破碎,陸地面積從23.10km2增長(zhǎng)到29.35 km2。近幾十年頻繁的海岸活動(dòng)(包括港口擴(kuò)建、航道清淤及人工島建設(shè))已成為決定龍口灣形態(tài)變化的主導(dǎo)因素。高分辨率的多波束數(shù)據(jù)顯示,人工島吹填工程抽取沉積物后,在海底留下了大量取土坑,平均水深加深了2.34 m,使海底地形地貌發(fā)生了極大改變,對(duì)海底底棲生境造成了嚴(yán)重破壞。本研究中設(shè)計(jì)的魚(yú)礁區(qū)底棲生境自動(dòng)化分類(lèi)方法,是海底聲學(xué)探測(cè)領(lǐng)域的一次嘗試,有助于人工魚(yú)礁的科學(xué)管理,具有較強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義;利用多波束聲吶手段結(jié)合地理空間分析方法獲取人工魚(yú)礁區(qū)、圍填海區(qū)微地形地貌特征,為監(jiān)測(cè)近海人類(lèi)活動(dòng)影響下的底棲生境演變提供了一種新的技術(shù)手段。
[Abstract]:The development of coastal areas has become the main way for the expansion of space resources in coastal areas. Large scale coastal development activities such as reclamation projects, marine pasture construction, etc. have promoted the social and economic development of coastal areas, and also have a significant impact on the marine benthic habitat. Acoustic methods have changed the efficiency of traditional investigation methods and obtain letters. A new technical method is provided for the investigation of benthic habitat. The multi beam sonar system is a high-tech product in the contemporary ocean survey, and it is used in the observation of habitat near the bottom of the sea in China. The study of the assessment is rare, but the acoustic data combined with classification algorithm can realize the recognition and evaluation of benthic habitat. At present, there is still a lack of research on the automatic classification method of benthic habitat in artificial reef. On the basis of summarizing the method of multi beam data processing, this paper has designed a benthic habitat automation mapping method to realize the recognition of the bottom quality of artificial reef area, and the analysis of artificial reefs using high resolution and high precision multi beam sonar system. The main research results are as follows: 1, an automatic classification method of benthic habitat was designed and applied to the artificial reef area. The results showed that (1) a large number of multi beam data, including abundant information, can be used to extract a variety of acoustic variables (such as slope slope, benthic benthos) through data mining. Position index BPI, etc.); (2) PCA can compress data with a variety of acoustic variables while retaining the main information and reduce data redundancy (the cumulative frequency of the first 3 PCs with a feature value greater than 1 is nearly 80%). (3) compared with the artificial interpretation method, the ISODATA unsupervised classification algorithm has high processing speed and can eliminate the inaccuracy of the adjacent sound phase boundary. Qualitatively, to ensure the correctness of the classification results, greatly reduce the deviation of the operators and save the human cost. This automatic intelligent classification method has achieved good results in the large-scale artificial reef area of Shandong offshore, and has realized the classification and identification of three basic bases in the reef area (sandy seabed, muddy seabed and artificial reefs). Bottom sampling, underwater The automatic classification of the benthic habitat in the artificial reef area can convert the complex multi beam data into a visual thematic map, and can quickly obtain the bottom quality information of the region of interest and meet the needs of the reef management. It is of great practical significance. The mapping method of the benthic habitat is completed mainly on the GIS platform. The further spatial analysis and algorithm improvement.2 can be realized. The monitoring and evaluation of the benthic habitat in large artificial reefs are realized by using multi beam system combined with geospatial analysis. The results show that (1) multi beam sonar system is adopted. The formation, distribution of the reefs and the Microtopographic information of the surrounding seabed can be quickly obtained, which are more accurate, efficient and less expensive than the traditional investigation methods (such as underwater exploration). (2) the topographic features of the reef area, slope, curvature, roughness, terrain durability index and terrain can be extracted with the aid of geographic information system topographic analysis. The high value area of the volt appears in the reef distribution area and can distinguish the reef from the flat seabed. (3) the reef settles (the settlement depth is 0.45 m) due to its own gravity and hydrodynamic action, and the existence of the reef reduces the velocity of the bottom and changes the flow direction, and there is a special erosion and siltation topography around it, and the data of the multi beam depth can be obtained. It provides data support for the evaluation of artificial reef construction by quantitative analysis of the characteristics of seabed terrain changes after the stone throwing. (4) different types of artificial reefs have different structures and different local flow fields, which create different benthic environment for benthos, and verify the discovery of cement preform reefs more than the fish reefs. The high resolution multi beam data can not only reflect the macro information (distribution, size, area, area and so on) of the marine reefs, but also provide the microscopic information of the reefs (three-dimensional structure, size, shape and depth of settlement) to achieve the purpose of the accurate monitoring of artificial reefs,.3, combined with the historical chart and multi beam data, in GIS Under the platform, the underwater DEM of Longkou Bay is constructed and the morphological evolution process of Longkou Bay has been analyzed for nearly 50 years. The results show that the underwater topography and geomorphology of Longkou Bay has been greatly changed from 1960s to 2010s for half a century, and the area of water area in the study area has been reduced by 13.5 km2. specifically: (1) 1960s~ 1990s, Longkou Bay natural evolution is less affected by human activity; (2) 199 0s~2000s, Longkou expansion and channel silting, Longkou bay shape changed obviously, the area of Longkou Bay reduced, the average water depth increased from 7.56 m to 8.16 m; (3) 2000s~2010s. The further expansion of Longkou port and the construction of offshore artificial island made a dramatic change in Longkou sea bottom topography, the Longkou shoal disappeared basically, the northern artificial island was in the north. The underwater terrain is complex and the seabed is relatively broken. The land area from 23.10km2 to 29.35 km2. in recent decades has become the dominant factor in determining the morphological changes in Longkou Bay. At the bottom, a large number of soil craters were left, the average depth of water deepened by 2.34 m, which made the seabed topography and geomorphology greatly changed, causing serious damage to the benthic benthic habitat. The automatic classification method of the bottom habitat of the reef area in this study is a trial in the field of acoustic exploration in the sea bottom, which is helpful to the scientific management of artificial reefs and is strong. A new technical means is provided for monitoring the evolution of the benthic habitat under the influence of human activities in the coastal waters.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院煙臺(tái)海岸帶研究所
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：P714

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