本文選題：干熱巖鉆井 + 高能射流式液動錘��； 參考：《吉林大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：地熱能是一種綠色低碳、可循環(huán)利用的可再生能源,具有儲量大、分布廣、清潔環(huán)保、穩(wěn)定可靠等特點,是一種現(xiàn)實可行且具有競爭力的清潔能源。與水熱型地熱資源相比,更多的地熱能儲存于地下無水或少水的高溫巖體中形成干熱巖型地熱資源。中國地質調查局與中國科學院均對中國大陸3~10 km深的干熱巖資源總量進行了評估,得出了相近的結論,其中按2%的可開采量來計算,就相當于2 010年中國能源消耗總量的4 000~6 000倍,印證了中國干熱巖資源開發(fā)利用的巨大前景。鉆井是干熱巖開發(fā)的關鍵環(huán)節(jié),對工程總成本與建設周期具有重大影響。干熱巖地層多為火成巖與變質巖,強度大,硬度高,可鉆性差,常規(guī)方法鉆進,效率低,周期長,如青海貴德ZR1干熱巖井平均鉆速為1.24 m/h;鉆遇500℃花崗巖地層的日本KAKKONDA井,平均鉆速為2.21 m/h,大大低于油氣鉆井10 m/h以上的平均鉆速。潛孔錘鉆進技術為大幅提高干熱巖硬巖鉆進效率提供了可能。液動潛孔錘與氣動潛孔錘相比,由于其驅動介質的不可壓縮性,在深孔及超深孔的高圍壓工作條件下適應性更強,并且效率高,能耗低,應用領域更為廣泛。然而,目前常規(guī)液動錘的單次沖擊功與氣動潛孔錘相比要小得多,因而碎巖效率也低得多,應用效果遠不及氣動潛孔錘。國內外多家研究機構、鉆具公司及鉆井技術服務公司對適合深井硬巖鉆進的高能型液動潛孔錘進行了研究,取得了一定了進展,然而多處于設計研發(fā)階段,還未有廣泛應用于市場的成熟產(chǎn)品。本文針對提高干熱巖鉆井效率和降低成本的迫切需要,提出了干熱巖快速鉆井用高能射流式液動錘。研制具有單次沖擊功大、壽命長、工作穩(wěn)定性好的高能型射流式液動錘鉆進工具,并開展射流式液動錘內部動力過程研究,設計了SC86H型高能射流式液動錘鉆具,完成了理論計算與數(shù)值分析,并通過臺架試驗與鉆進試驗驗證了樣機的工作性能。本文的主要研究內容與結論如下:(1)針對常規(guī)射流式液動錘單次沖擊功低,射流元件與缸體耐沖蝕性差,壽命短的問題,設計了高能型射流式液動錘鉆具系統(tǒng),具有單次沖擊功大、耐沖蝕、壽命長的特點。為干熱巖快速鉆井提供了技術支持。(2)基于計算流體動力學技術,采用動網(wǎng)格技術與用戶自定義函數(shù)的方法,借用cfd軟件fluent對高能射流式液動錘內部動力過程進行了研究,通過可視化分析技術得出了射流元件工作腔內部流場分離渦、阻礙渦、以及駐渦在不同活塞運動瞬間的流場變化情況。分析認為:主射流通過卷吸兩側控制道甚至在活塞高速運動下卷吸附壁側排空道以及非附壁側回流的部分流體,來完成流量補充,實現(xiàn)高流量恢復的工作狀態(tài),有利于活塞沖錘高速運動。(3)通過數(shù)值模擬得出了活塞運動過程中壓力恢復系數(shù)與流量恢復系數(shù)關系,結果表明,壓力恢復系數(shù)隨著流量恢復系數(shù)的增加而增大,二者關系幾乎完全不受雷諾數(shù)(高雷諾數(shù)條件下,低雷諾數(shù)條件下結果未知)變化影響。(4)通過數(shù)值計算結果分析與公式推導得出高能射流式液動錘單次沖擊功e與主射流平均流速u或者主射流流量qs的平方成正比例關系;當輸入流量qs一定時,在不考慮交互作用時,較小的主噴嘴截面積as與較小的活塞截面積ap意味著較大的單次沖擊功;此外,當活塞結構參數(shù)保持不變時,表征壓力恢復系數(shù)與流量恢復系數(shù)之間關系的無量綱系數(shù)cpq值越小單次沖擊功越大,即在活塞加速運動過程中壓力恢復系數(shù)隨著流量恢復系數(shù)的增加衰減的越慢,表示射流元件的性能越好,越有利于高能輸出。因此,無量綱系數(shù)cpq可作為評價射流元件性能的基本參數(shù)。(5)通過數(shù)值模擬研究了不同活塞沖錘結構參數(shù)下高能射流式液動錘性能的變化規(guī)律。研究表明:為了使高能射流式液動錘獲得較好的工作性能,活塞直徑可適當小點;而活塞桿直徑與沖錘質量需要合理選擇,活塞桿直徑或沖錘質量過大會使射流式液動錘的沖擊頻率明顯降低并且臨界流速增加,整體工作性能下降,而活塞桿直徑或沖錘質量過小,單次沖擊功相對較低;至于活塞沖擊行程,可適當增大行程來提高單次沖擊功,但過大的沖擊行程同樣會導致沖擊頻率大幅下降。(6)將沖錘處的流體阻力考慮在計算模型中,對之前計算模型進行了改進,并對兩種計算模型結果進行實驗驗證,表明高能射流式液動錘活塞沖錘運動速度較高,流體阻力不能忽略,為此,設計了適合高能射流式液動錘的低阻高效沖錘結構。(7)開展了sc86h型高能射流式液動錘鉆具系統(tǒng)室內臺架試驗,采用聲波法與設計的非接觸測量系統(tǒng)對高能射流式液動錘的性能參數(shù)進行了測試,并與數(shù)值模擬計算結果進行對比,表現(xiàn)了良好的吻合度,印證了數(shù)值計算結果的準確性。(8)分別對創(chuàng)新設計的兩種新結構射流元件與原結構射流元件控制的高能射流式液動錘性能進行了試驗與數(shù)值模擬分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)新型射流元件與原結構射流元件相比具有較好的工作性能。(9)開展堅硬花崗巖鉆進試驗,對不同活塞沖錘結構參數(shù)下高能射流式液動錘的機械鉆速進行了測試,試驗結果與數(shù)值模擬分析結果具有類似的趨勢,說明了數(shù)值模擬結果對實際鉆進具有重要的參考意義,試驗中最高機械鉆速5.19 m/h,與常規(guī)鉆進方法相比提高幅度達數(shù)倍。論文的主要創(chuàng)新點有:(1)本文首次提出了采用高能型射流式液動錘配合硬質合金球齒鉆頭進行沖擊為主,回轉切削為輔的鉆進方法;(2)首次提出了采用硬質合金材料加工制造射流元件與活塞,設計了硬質合金材料的缸體襯套和活塞桿襯套結構,并首次提出了內通道一體式缸體結構,從而使射流式液動錘整體達到耐沖蝕、耐磨損,使射流式液動錘的使用壽命大幅提高;(3)首次將沖錘處流體阻力考慮到計算模型中,使計算精度明顯提高,更準確可靠地完成對高能射流式液動錘工作性能的預測;(4)首次提出并設計了信號道側置式雙面排空射流元件,并取得了良好的試驗效果,該新型結構射流元件有望全面替代原有結構元件,成為新一代射流元件結構,此外,理論計算表明,創(chuàng)新設計的短劈間距渦流腔式射流元件擁有更好的工作性能。
[Abstract]:Geothermal energy is a kind of renewable energy, which is green, low carbon and recyclable. It has the characteristics of large reserves, wide distribution, clean and environmental protection, stable and reliable and so on. It is a practical and competitive clean energy. Compared with the hydrothermal geothermal resources, more geothermal energy is stored in the dry and hot rock in the high temperature rock mass without water or water. Thermal resources. Both the China Geological Survey and the Chinese Academy of sciences have evaluated the total amount of dry hot rock resources of the 3~10 km deep in the mainland of China, and reached a similar conclusion, which is calculated by 2% of the recoverable amount, which is equivalent to the 4 000~6 000 times of the total energy consumption in China in 2010, which confirms the great prospect of the development and utilization of China's dry hot rock resources. Drilling is the key link in the development of dry hot rock and has great influence on the total cost and construction period of the engineering. The dry hot rock strata are mostly pyrogenic and metamorphic rocks, with high strength, high hardness, poor drillability, conventional drilling, low efficiency and long period, such as the average drilling speed of 1.24 m/h in the ZR1 dry hot rock in Guide, Qinghai, and KA of Japan in the granite stratum of 500 C In well KKONDA, the average drilling speed is 2.21 m/h, which is much lower than the average drilling speed above 10 m/h in the oil and gas drilling. The DTH hammer drilling technique provides the possibility of drastically improving the drilling efficiency of the hard rock hard rock. Compared with the pneumatic DTH hammer, the hydraulic dive hammer is adapted to the high confining pressure of the deep hole and the ultra deep hole because of the incompressibility of the driving medium. However, the single impact power of the conventional hydraulic hammer is much smaller than that of the pneumatic DTH hammer at present, so the efficiency of rock breaking is much lower and the application effect is far less than the pneumatic DTH hammer. Many domestic and foreign research institutions, drilling and drilling technology services companies are suitable for deep well hard. The high energy hydraulic DTH hammer in rock drilling has been studied, and some progress has been made. However, most of them are in the stage of design and development, and there are no mature products widely used in the market. In this paper, the high energy jet hydraulic hammer for dry hot rock rapid drilling is put forward in order to improve the efficiency and cost of dry hot rock drilling. A high energy jet hydraulic hammer drilling tool with a long single impact power, long life and good working stability is studied and the internal dynamic process of the jet hydraulic hammer is studied. The SC86H high energy jet hydraulic hammer drilling tool is designed. The theoretical calculation and numerical analysis have been completed, and the working performance of the prototype is verified by the bench test and the drilling test. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows: (1) in view of the low single impact power of the conventional jet hydraulic hammer, the poor erosion resistance of the jet element and the cylinder body and the short life, the high energy jet hydraulic hammer drilling tool system has been designed, which has the characteristics of large single impact power, erosion resistance and long life. (2 Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technology, the dynamic process of the high energy jet hydraulic hammer is studied by using the method of dynamic grid technology and user defined function, and the CFD software FLUENT is used to study the internal dynamic process of the high energy jet hydraulic hammer. The flow separation vortex, hindering vortex, and the transient motion of the piston in the different piston motion are obtained by the visualization analysis technique. It is considered that the main jet can carry out the flow supplement and achieve the high flow recovery working state, which is beneficial to the high speed movement of the piston punching hammer through the coiling two side control channel, even in the high speed movement of the piston, and it is beneficial to the high speed movement of the piston punching hammer. (3) a piston is obtained by numerical simulation. The relationship between the pressure recovery coefficient and the flow recovery coefficient during the movement shows that the pressure recovery coefficient increases with the increase of the flow recovery coefficient, and the relationship between the two is almost completely unaffected by the Reynolds number (under the high Reynolds number, the result is unknown under the low Reynolds number). (4) the analysis of numerical results and the derivation of the formula are derived. The single impact power e of high energy jet hydraulic hammer is proportional to the average flow velocity of u or the square of the main jet flow QS. When the input flow QS is certain, the smaller main nozzle section area as and the smaller piston cross section area AP mean greater single impact power when the input flow rate is not considered, and the piston structure parameters are maintained. At the same time, the less dimensionless coefficient CPQ that characterizing the relation between the pressure recovery coefficient and the flow recovery coefficient is the smaller the single impact power, that is, the slower the pressure recovery coefficient decreases with the increase of the flow recovery coefficient during the piston acceleration movement, the better the performance of the jet element is, the more advantageous to the high energy output. Therefore, the dimensionless system is not a dimensionless system. The number of CPQ can be used as the basic parameter to evaluate the performance of the jet element. (5) the variation of the performance of high energy jet hydraulic hammer under the structural parameters of different piston punching hammer is studied by numerical simulation. The study shows that in order to make the high energy jet hydraulic hammer get better working performance, the piston straight diameter can be properly smaller, and the diameter of the piston rod and the mass of the hammer are the quality of the hammer. A reasonable selection is needed. The piston rod diameter or the mass of the hammer can reduce the impact frequency of the jet hydraulic hammer obviously and increase the critical velocity, and the overall working performance decreases, while the piston rod diameter or the hammer mass is too small and the single impact work is relatively low. As for the piston impact stroke, the stroke can be increased to improve the single impact power. The excessive impact stroke will also lead to a large drop in the impact frequency. (6) the fluid resistance at the hammer is considered in the calculation model, and the previous calculation model has been improved, and the results of the two calculation models are verified by experiments. It shows that the high energy jet hydraulic hammer piston punching hammer has higher velocity and the fluid resistance can not be ignored. For this reason, it is set up. The low resistance and high efficiency hammer structure suitable for high energy jet hydraulic hammer is considered. (7) the indoor bench test of the sc86h high energy jet hydraulic hammer drilling system is carried out. The performance parameters of the high energy jet hydraulic hammer are tested by the non contact measurement system of sound wave and design, and the results are compared with the numerical simulation results. The good coincidence degree proves the accuracy of the numerical calculation results. (8) the performance of the high energy jet hydraulic hammer controlled by the two new structural jet elements and the original structure jet components is tested and numerical simulated respectively. It is found that the new jet element has better working performance compared with the original structure jet element. (9) The mechanical drilling speed of high energy jet hydraulic hammer under the structural parameters of different piston punching hammer is tested. The test results have a similar trend with the numerical simulation analysis results. It shows that the numerical simulation results have important reference significance for actual drilling, and the maximum mechanical drilling speed in the test is 5.19 m/h, and it is common. The main innovations of this paper are as follows: (1) for the first time, the high energy jet hydraulic hammer and hard alloy ball tooth bit are used as the main drilling method, and (2) the hard alloy material is first proposed to manufacture the jet element and the piston. The cylinder liner and piston rod bushing structure of the material are made, and the inner channel body structure is put forward for the first time, which makes the jet hydraulic hammer whole to resist erosion and wear resistance, so that the service life of the jet hydraulic hammer is greatly improved. (3) for the first time, the fluid resistance of the punching hammer is taken into account in the calculation model, and the calculation precision is obviously improved. The prediction of the working performance of high energy jet hydraulic hammer is completed more accurately and reliably. (4) the side double side exhaust jet element of the signal channel is proposed and designed for the first time, and good experimental results have been obtained. The new structure jet element is expected to replace the original structural element completely and become a new generation of jet element structure. In addition, the theoretical calculation table is also made. Ming, the innovative design of the short split distance vortex cavity jet element has better performance.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P634.5

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