本文選題：西藏馬鹿　切入點(diǎn)：分子生態(tài)學(xué)　出處：《東北林業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：目前,西藏馬鹿(Cervus wallichii)是我國特有、瀕危、珍貴鹿類動(dòng)物,主要分布于西藏山南地區(qū)桑日縣境內(nèi)。該物種曾一度被國際組織認(rèn)定為已經(jīng)滅絕的物種,上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代被中外科學(xué)家在野外調(diào)查時(shí)重新發(fā)現(xiàn)。本研究于2013年和2014年(8月初-9月末)連續(xù)兩年秋季,采用非損傷取樣法——糞便樣品,對西藏馬鹿的遺傳多樣性、種群性比及數(shù)量、食物組成、食物選擇、營養(yǎng)成分測定以及生理健康評價(jià)等內(nèi)容進(jìn)行了研究,獲得如下主要成果：1、從野外采集的199份西藏馬鹿糞便樣品中,利用非損傷取樣法成功提取出了87份DNA分子片段。對12個(gè)多態(tài)性高,無緊密連鎖關(guān)系的微衛(wèi)星位點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了PCR分析,并進(jìn)行了個(gè)體識別,最終識別出的87份糞便樣品分屬于50只西藏馬鹿個(gè)體。對這50只個(gè)體性別鑒定結(jié)果為：雌：雄≈1：0.79,表明西藏馬鹿種群的性別比例雌性個(gè)體數(shù)量多于雄性個(gè)體數(shù)量,有利于西藏馬鹿種群的發(fā)展。2、運(yùn)用R軟件Capwire包中的TIRM和ECM兩種模型進(jìn)行模擬得到的結(jié)果分別別為：TIRM模塊得到西藏馬鹿數(shù)量為87只,97.5%的判別率下的置信區(qū)間為87～90只；ECM模塊得到的西藏馬鹿數(shù)量為65只,97.5%的判別率下的置信區(qū)間為65～67只。利用該軟件包的似然比測試得到的P值不顯著偏離0,說明調(diào)查區(qū)域內(nèi)的不同的個(gè)體的捕捉率不同,因此以模塊TIRM結(jié)果為種群數(shù)量估計(jì)值。本次糞便采樣覆蓋面積(即調(diào)查抽樣面積)為264.5km2,在97.5%的判別率下馬鹿種群數(shù)量置信區(qū)間為87～90只,密度為0.329～0.340只/km2。本次實(shí)地調(diào)查確認(rèn)：西藏馬鹿目前僅分布于面積2680.6 km2的西藏桑日馬鹿自然保護(hù)區(qū)內(nèi)。西藏馬鹿實(shí)際適棲面積為650.4 km2,其余2030.2km2為白唇鹿(C. albirostris)的主要分布區(qū)。故2013～2014年秋季西藏馬鹿種群總數(shù)量約為214～221只。3、通過50只個(gè)體基因型數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)指出,西藏馬鹿種群平均等位基因數(shù)為7.58±0.18個(gè),有效等位基因數(shù)平均為4.91±0.16個(gè),單個(gè)微衛(wèi)星座位的PIC在0.39～0.90之間,平均值為0.67±0.013,12個(gè)座位中只有位點(diǎn)T123為中度多態(tài)性位點(diǎn),其他11個(gè)位點(diǎn)均為高度多態(tài)性位點(diǎn)。期望雜合度變化范圍為0.45～0.91,平均為0.72±0.01；平均表現(xiàn)雜合度為0.52±0.11。遺傳分析數(shù)據(jù)顯示,目前西藏馬鹿的遺傳多樣性較高,種群不會由于自身遺傳因素而導(dǎo)致衰退。4、通過糞便顯微切片技術(shù)分析得出西藏馬鹿秋季采食的植物共有37種,隸屬于18個(gè)科,26屬,采食比率較高的依次為菊科(21.62%)、豆科(13.51%)、禾本科(13.51%)、薔薇科(8.11%)；對西藏馬鹿所食植物中的水分(W)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪EE)、能量(E),纖維素(C)和單寧(T)等物質(zhì)含量測定結(jié)果：水分(62.13%)、粗蛋白(11.06%)、粗脂肪(8.88%)、能量(17812.53J/g)、纖維素(22.86%)、單寧(0.14%)。5、選擇食物組成、能量、纖維素和蛋白質(zhì)4個(gè)主要營養(yǎng)成分為因變量,建立響應(yīng)曲面模型,分析結(jié)果顯示西藏馬鹿偏向蛋白質(zhì)和能量高的食物,對蛋白質(zhì)高纖維素含量低,能量高纖維素含量低的植物有一定的選擇性,但是并未出現(xiàn)明顯的回避,分析認(rèn)為西藏馬鹿秋季取食策略為食物營養(yǎng)均衡型策略。此外,還通過對西藏馬鹿糞便樣品中氮含量與秋季主要采食的20種植物的平均蛋白含量的測定結(jié)果,初步探討了鹿糞氮含量與可食植物蛋白質(zhì)含量之間的關(guān)系。6、采用沉淀法和漂浮法對西藏馬鹿糞便樣品中寄生蟲含量進(jìn)行了測定；利用酶聯(lián)免疫法對糞便樣品中的免疫球蛋白進(jìn)行了測定。結(jié)果顯示西藏馬鹿糞便中寄生蟲感染率低,免疫球蛋白較圈養(yǎng)梅花鹿含量低,說明西藏馬鹿生理健康狀態(tài)良好。綜上所述,盡管我國西藏馬鹿種群遺傳多樣性較高,營養(yǎng)狀態(tài)良好,但鑒于目前分布面積狹窄,種群數(shù)量稀少,當(dāng)?shù)赜嘘P(guān)部門應(yīng)盡快加大該物種目前的唯一分布地——西藏桑日馬鹿自然保護(hù)區(qū)的建設(shè)投資和保護(hù)管理力度,以利于這一特有、瀕危、珍貴鹿科動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量的迅速恢復(fù)。
[Abstract]:At present, Tibet red deer (Cervus wallichii) is endemic to China, endangered, rare deer animal, mainly in the territory of SANGRI County Shannan Prefecture of Tibet. This species has been identified as the international organization of extinct species, the last century in 90s by the Chinese and foreign scientists to found in field investigation. This research in 2013 and 2014 (-9 at the beginning of August at the end of the month) for two consecutive years in autumn, using noninvasive sampling, faecal samples, genetic diversity of Tibet red deer, the number of population sex ratio and food composition, food selection, determination of nutrition and physical health evaluation content of the study, obtained the main results as follows: 1, from the 199 Tibet red deer feces the samples collected in the field, using noninvasive sampling successfully extracted 87 DNA fragments. 12 highly polymorphic microsatellite loci without linkage analysis of PCR and For the individual identification, 87 fecal samples eventually identified belong to 50 of the 50 Tibet wapiti individuals. Only individual gender identification results: female: male = 1:0.79, showed that the sex ratio of Tibet wapiti population female more than male individual quantity, is conducive to the development of Tibet.2 horse deer populations, the use of R Capwire software package TIRM and ECM two models of the results obtained by simulation respectively: TIRM module to get Tibet wapiti number 87, 97.5% confidence interval discriminant rate under 87~90; the number of Tibet wapiti ECM module was obtained 65, 97.5% confidence interval discriminant rate under 65~67 the likelihood ratio test. By using software package P values did not deviate significantly from 0, that in the area of different individual capture rate is different, so the module of the TIRM results for population estimates. The stool samples cover The area (i.e. sampling area) for 264.5km2, in the deer population dismount discrimination rate confidence interval 87~90 97.5%, density of 0.329 ~ 0.340 /km2., the survey confirmed: Tibet red deer is currently only distributed in the area of 2680.6 km2 of the Tibet nature reserve. Red deer, Tibet red deer habitat suitable actual area is 650.4 km2, the rest of the 2030.2km2 (C. albirostris) for Bai Chunlu the main distribution area. The 2013~2014 autumn Tibet wapiti population the total number of about 214~221.3, the 50 individual genotype data statistics show that the Tibet red deer population, the average number of alleles was 7.58 + 0.18, the average effective number of alleles was 4.91 + 0.16 a single, microsatellite loci of PIC in 0.39 ~ 0.90, an average of only 0.67 sites of T123 + 0.013,12 seats for site of moderate polymorphisms, the other 11 loci were highly polymorphic loci. 鏈涙潅鍚堝害鍙樺寲鑼冨洿涓，

本文編號：1716391