本文關(guān)鍵詞：短尾猴的集群運(yùn)動與行為決策研究　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 短尾猴 集群運(yùn)動 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力 社會友好關(guān)系 行為決策

【摘要】：動物的集群是對環(huán)境的一種適應(yīng),有利于成員之間的信息共享、互惠合作、凝聚力量,達(dá)到尋找食物、集體防御和生育繁殖等目的。然而,群體內(nèi)各成員之間的社會地位、繁殖狀態(tài)、利益需求往往不同,這些差異導(dǎo)致動物群體的分散和不穩(wěn)定,削弱群體的凝聚力,對動物的生長、發(fā)育和繁殖帶來不利影響。顯然,群居動物成功的基礎(chǔ),就是個體之間必須協(xié)調(diào)一致、互相配合,否則集群的優(yōu)勢將不復(fù)存在,甚至?xí)挂恍﹤�體面臨生存威脅。動物在長期進(jìn)化中形成了一系列維持群體穩(wěn)定性的行為機(jī)制。集群運(yùn)動(Collective movement)是群居動物生活中經(jīng)常發(fā)生的行為,它是指群內(nèi)大多數(shù)成員朝著相同方向、動作一致化的過程,一般由一個或多個個體發(fā)起運(yùn)動,其他成員積極響應(yīng)。群體中的成員在集群運(yùn)動中,需要共同努力實(shí)現(xiàn)決策的一致性,因此,研究集群運(yùn)動是探討動物集體決策的重要途徑。在集群運(yùn)動中,首先運(yùn)動的個體是發(fā)起者(Initiator),隨后運(yùn)動的個體都是跟隨者(Follower)。顯然,不同的發(fā)起者,其運(yùn)動發(fā)起的效果存在差異,這就是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力(Leadership)。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力是了解集體決策的前提,跟隨者的參與是實(shí)現(xiàn)決策一致性的保證。目前,有關(guān)集群運(yùn)動和決策過程關(guān)系的研究,主要集中在少數(shù)幾個個體參與的小群體運(yùn)動,對于幾十甚至幾百個個體組成的大群體運(yùn)動的集體決策缺乏研究。本論文以棲息在安徽黃山的野生短尾猴(Macaca thibetana)魚鱗坑YA1群為研究對象,于2012年8月至2013年5月期間,采用全事件取樣法(All occurrence sampling method)、目標(biāo)動物取樣法(Focal sampling method)和連續(xù)記錄方法(Continuously recording method),觀察短尾猴從餌場向森林轉(zhuǎn)移過程中的集群運(yùn)動,記錄短尾猴個體的生物屬性(雌雄性別、個體年齡等)和社會屬性(社會等級、友好關(guān)系等),分析集群運(yùn)動決策過程的影響因素,深入探討野生短尾猴集群運(yùn)動與行為決策的關(guān)系,期望回答以下重要科學(xué)問題：(1)集群運(yùn)動中領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力的類型；(2)集群運(yùn)動中的影響因素；(3)集群運(yùn)動中個體的參與法則。主要結(jié)果如下：一、短尾猴集群運(yùn)動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力類型。研究表明,所有成年個體均能成功發(fā)起集群運(yùn)動,但個體間的集群運(yùn)動成功發(fā)起頻次存在顯著差異(Kruskal-Wallis test: H=20.549,df=11,P=0.038).進(jìn)一步分析發(fā)現(xiàn)：集群運(yùn)動的成功發(fā)起頻次與個體年齡(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.299,N=12,P=0.345)和社會等級(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.049,N=12,P=0.879)均無顯著相關(guān)性,且雌雄個體間的成功發(fā)起頻次也無顯著差異(Mann-Whitney U test:Z=-0.515,P= 0.607).然而,集群運(yùn)動成功發(fā)起頻次與社會理毛總時間(Sperman rank correlation:rs=0.707,N=12,P=0.010).理毛付出時間(Spearman rank correlation: rs=0.643,N12,P=0.024)和理毛收益時間(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.587, N=12,P=0.045)均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。因此,短尾猴集群運(yùn)動的發(fā)起過程屬于共享的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力類型,群體成員均能成功發(fā)起集群運(yùn)動,友好行為與集群運(yùn)動的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力密切相關(guān)。二、短尾猴集群運(yùn)動的社會因素。通過社會網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析方法(Social network analysis)分析特征向量中心度(Eigenvector centrality coefficient)與集體決策的關(guān)系表明,基于兩方近距行為的特征向量中心度與集群運(yùn)動的成功發(fā)起頻次(Spearman rank correation:rs=0.704,N=12,P=0.011)和發(fā)起成功率(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.757,N=12,P=0.004)均存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系。同時,基于成年個體之間三方社會關(guān)系的架橋行為特征向量中心度與集群運(yùn)動成功發(fā)起頻次(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.952,N=8,P=0.001).發(fā)起成功率(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.857,N=8,P=0.003)也均具有正相關(guān)性。表明社會親和力高的個體發(fā)起集群運(yùn)動的頻次和成功率也越高。本研究將此歸納為“親和力-領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力”模型：短尾猴在集群運(yùn)動決策過程中,社會親和力對集群運(yùn)動的成功起到?jīng)Q定性作用。三、短尾猴集群運(yùn)動的參與法則。在集群運(yùn)動的參與過程中,越早加入的個體重要性程度越高,即個體加入集群運(yùn)動的時間順序與特征向量中心度之間存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.695,N=12,P=0.003)。當(dāng)早期參與者(五分鐘內(nèi)加入集群運(yùn)動的個體)的數(shù)量介于3—6個之間時,集群運(yùn)動發(fā)生率在40%—85%之間；當(dāng)早期參與者的數(shù)量達(dá)到或者超過7個時(本研究群體中成年個體的一半以上),100%發(fā)生集群運(yùn)動。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在早期參與者中,雌雄個體之間的特征向量中心度系數(shù)無顯著差異(t=0.738,df=10,P=0.477),個體年齡也與中心度系數(shù)無相關(guān)性(Spearman rank correlation:rs=-0.174,N=12,P= 0.589),但社會等級與社會中心度系數(shù)之間存在正相關(guān)關(guān)系(雄性：Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.800,N=4,P=0.048;雌性：Spearman rank correlation:rs= 0.655,N=8,P=0.035)。同時,基于友好關(guān)系(近距行為)的社會中心度與集群運(yùn)動中參與者的中心度也具有正相關(guān)性(Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.614,N= 12,P=0.034)。綜上所述,短尾猴在集群運(yùn)動中使用了兩種參與法則：一是選擇性模仿(Selective mimetism):在達(dá)到集群運(yùn)動數(shù)量下限之前,群內(nèi)成員根據(jù)早期參與者的社會等級或友好關(guān)系決定是否加入集群運(yùn)動,即高順位或高親和力的早期參與者能成功吸引到更多的跟隨者；二是法定人數(shù),(Quorum):一旦集群運(yùn)動的個體數(shù)量超過下限閾值時,群體成員都加入集群運(yùn)動。本論文綜合運(yùn)用了生態(tài)學(xué)、行為學(xué)、社會學(xué)以及統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的學(xué)科知識,主要創(chuàng)新在于：(1)首次揭示了短尾猴在集群運(yùn)動中的決策類型(協(xié)商決策)；(2)提出了關(guān)于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力影響因素的親和力-領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力新模型。該模型不僅存在于近距行為、社會性理毛等兩方友好關(guān)系中,同樣也存在于架橋等三方友好關(guān)系中;(3)發(fā)現(xiàn)了動物群體中同時存在著選擇性模仿和法定人數(shù)兩種參與法則,這在小群體生活的、具有復(fù)雜社會關(guān)系的非人靈長類物種中為首次報道。本研究闡明了短尾猴集體決策的行為特征和類型,揭示了決策的行為機(jī)制和適應(yīng)進(jìn)化,為集群動物的保護(hù)和管理提供科學(xué)依據(jù),同時,也為了解人類社會的決策方式、改善社會管理提供參考借鑒。在現(xiàn)代社會中,人們經(jīng)常需要通過協(xié)商來達(dá)成決策的一致性,從國與國之間的外交協(xié)定、到一國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的選舉、再到一個單位制定發(fā)展規(guī)劃等,都需要健全的協(xié)商機(jī)制。如何實(shí)現(xiàn)決策的有序高效、如何通過協(xié)商發(fā)揮社會整體功能、如何體現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)人的意志,也是我們自身參與社會決策所關(guān)心的問題。
[Abstract]:Animal clustering is an adaptation to environment, which is conducive to information sharing among members, mutual cooperation and cohesion, so as to achieve food, collective defense, reproductive and reproductive purposes. However, the social status, reproductive status and interest needs of members are often different. These differences lead to the decentralization and instability of animal groups, weaken the cohesive force of groups, and have adverse effects on the growth, development and reproduction of animals. Obviously, the foundation for the success of social animals is the coordination and cooperation among individuals. Otherwise, the advantages of clusters will no longer exist, even some individuals will be faced with the threat of survival. In a long period of evolution, animals have formed a series of behavioral mechanisms to maintain the stability of the population. Collective movement is a behavior that occurs frequently in social animal life. It refers to the process that most members of a group are aligned in the same direction and actions, usually initiated by one or more individuals, and other members respond positively. Members in groups need to work together to achieve consistency in decision-making in cluster movement. Therefore, studying cluster movement is an important way to explore animal collective decision-making. In the cluster movement, the first individual is the initiator (Initiator), and then the individual is the follower (Follower). Obviously, different sponsors have a difference in the effect of their movement, which is leadership (Leadership). Leadership is the premise of understanding collective decision making, and the participation of the followers is the guarantee of realizing the consistency of the decision. At present, the research on the relationship between cluster movement and decision-making process is mainly focused on a few small group movements involving a few individuals, and there is a lack of research on the collective decision-making of large group movements consisting of dozens or even hundreds of individuals. The habitat in Anhui Mount Huangshan wild macaques (Macaca thibetana) scale YA1 group as the research object, from August 2012 to May 2013, the whole event sampling (All occurrence sampling method), the target animal sampling method (Focal sampling method) and continuous recording method (Continuously recording method), the cluster in the process of movement observation transfer from the field to the thibetan bait forest, record the biological attributes of individual macaques (sex, age etc.) and social attributes (social hierarchy, friendly relations, etc.) influence factor analysis cluster movement decision-making process, in-depth study of the relationship between wild macaques cluster movement and behavior decision, expected to answer the following important scientific problems: (1 types of leadership in cluster motion); (2) factors affecting the cluster in the movement; (3) participation in sports law of individual cluster. The main results are as follows: first, thibetan cluster movement leadership type. Research shows that all adults can successfully launched a cluster movement, but the movement between individual cluster launch frequency has significant difference (Kruskal-Wallis test:, H=20.549, df=11, P=0.038). Further analysis found that the cluster movement launched the frequency and age (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.299, N=12, P=0.345) and Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.049 (social rank N=12, P=0.879), there was no significant correlation between male and female, and the successful launch frequency is also no significant difference (Mann-Whitney U test:Z=-0.515, P= 0.607). However, the launch of cluster motion frequency and socialgrooming total time (Sperman rank correlation:rs=0.707, N=12, P=0.010). Rank correlation: Spearman (gross pay time rs=0.643. N12, P=0.024) and gross income (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.587, time N=12, P=0.045) were positively correlated. Therefore, to initiate the process macaque cluster movement belong to a shared leadership type, group members can successfully launched a cluster movement, friendly behavior and cluster movement is closely related to leadership. Social factors, two macaques cluster movement. Through the method of social network analysis (Social network analysis) analysis of the eigenvector centrality (Eigenvector centrality coefficient) showed that the relationship between the collective decision-making, launched frequency eigenvector centrality and cluster motion of two party close behavior based on the success of (Spearman rank correation:rs=0.704, N=12, P=0.011) and Spearman rank (initiated the success rate of correlation:rs=0.757, N=12. There was a positive correlation between P=0.004). At the same time, the frequency of the launch center vector bridging behavior characteristics and cluster motion of adult individuals between three party based on the social relation (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.952, N=8, P=0.001). The success rate (Spearman rank launched correlation:rs=0.857, N=8, P=0.003) also showed a positive correlation. It shows that the higher the social affinity, the higher the frequency and the success rate of the cluster movement. This study will be summarized as "the affinity leadership model: macaques in the cluster decision-making process in sports, social affinity for cluster movement plays a decisive role in success. In rule three, thibetan cluster movement. In the process of cluster participation, the higher the importance of early entry, the higher the time sequence of individuals joining the cluster movement and the positive correlation between the center of the feature vector (Spearman rank correlation:rs=0.695, N=12, P=0.003). When the early participants (individual to join the cluster movement within five minutes) the number is between 3 - 6 when the cluster motion occurs in 40% - 85%; when the number of early participants to reach or exceed 7 when (the study group in adult individuals, more than half of the 100% generation cluster movement). Further study found that participants in the early, there was no significant difference between male and female individuals of the eigenvector centrality coefficient (t=0.738, df=10, P=0.477), individual age has no correlation with the center coefficient (Spearman rank correlation:rs=-0.174, N=12, P= 0.589), but there was a positive correlation between the social class and social Center coefficient (male: Sp
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：Q958.1

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 王希;短尾猴的集群運(yùn)動與行為決策研究[D];安徽大學(xué);2016年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 何建春;二十一世紀(jì)中巴友好關(guān)系研究（2000-2010）[D];華中師范大學(xué);2012年

，

本文編號：1342677