本文選題：京杭運(yùn)河 + 湖泊　； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：藥物及個人護(hù)理品(PPCPs)是人們以人身健康和個人護(hù)理為目的所使用的物質(zhì),或是農(nóng)牧業(yè)者為了維持禽畜健康或促進(jìn)禽畜生長所使用的物質(zhì),包含化合物種類繁多。由于PPCPs與人類活動息息相關(guān),而普遍存在于環(huán)境中。因其具有一定的生態(tài)毒性及生物累積性,而被廣泛研究。本論文選取了 45種不同類型的藥物與個人護(hù)理品,建立了固相萃取-高效液相色譜-四極桿質(zhì)譜分析方法,并采集分析了京杭運(yùn)河及沿岸區(qū)域的地表水樣品。詳細(xì)分析了京杭運(yùn)河及沿岸區(qū)域地表水中PPCPs的濃度水平及分布規(guī)律。系統(tǒng)地比較了京杭運(yùn)河及相關(guān)湖泊與河流中PPCPs的來源。對比了不同季節(jié)運(yùn)河河水中PPCPs分布特征的異同。利用特定PPCPs化合物作為污染的示蹤劑,并將受特定污染源影響的湖泊、河流作為指紋片段與京杭運(yùn)河比較,進(jìn)而判斷京杭運(yùn)河中藥物及個人護(hù)理品的來源。為評估與治理京杭運(yùn)河PPCPs污染提供理論支持。在所有地表水樣品中,共檢測42種PPCPs化合物被檢出,總濃度范圍在41.98～1541.87 ng/L。其中夏季運(yùn)河河水中檢出34種,秋季運(yùn)河36種,湖泊共檢出20種,錢塘江27種,淮河29種,海河23種。紅霉素、卡馬西平、酮洛芬、壬基酚、避蚊胺及阿特拉津在全部樣品中均有檢出。京杭運(yùn)河從南至北PPCPs總濃度從城市到農(nóng)村呈波動分布,城市PPCPs水平高,農(nóng)村PPCPs水平低。由于不同季節(jié)的平均氣溫,光照強(qiáng)度及降水量差異明顯。季節(jié)變化對PPCPs的分布影響較大,秋季地表水中PPCPs總濃度明顯高于夏季。夏季運(yùn)河PPCPs總濃度范圍為56.3～1177 ng/L,平均值為267 ng/L;秋季運(yùn)河PPCPs總濃度范圍為83.8～1542 ng/L,平均濃度為342ng/L。夏季氣溫高、光照強(qiáng)、降水量大是PPCPs濃度較低的主要原因。但由于農(nóng)業(yè)活動具有季節(jié)性,阿特拉津的噴灑時間也有明顯的季節(jié)性,所以秋季農(nóng)閑時運(yùn)河水中的阿特拉津的平均濃度小于夏季農(nóng)忙時。京杭運(yùn)河相關(guān)湖泊水樣品中PPCPs濃度水平較低,濃度范圍為42.0～158ng/L。其中邵伯湖與高郵湖污染濃度最低,可作為人口密度小,遠(yuǎn)離集中型畜牧業(yè)、工業(yè)的背景區(qū)。太湖為呈城市型、工業(yè)型污染特點(diǎn),駱馬湖呈城市型、養(yǎng)殖業(yè)型污染特點(diǎn),南微山湖呈村鎮(zhèn)型、生活污水型污染特點(diǎn)。3條京杭運(yùn)河相關(guān)河流PPCPs分布規(guī)律各具特點(diǎn):錢塘江污染水平最低,濃度范圍為72.4～188ng/L,平均值113ng/L,以造紙工業(yè)園區(qū)為分界線,上游為養(yǎng)殖業(yè)型污染、下游為工業(yè)型污染�；春訕悠芬钥股厮幬餅橹饕廴疚�,呈典型畜禽養(yǎng)殖業(yè)型污染。天津市海河地表水污染最嚴(yán)重,濃度范圍為178～502ng/L,平均值為318ng/L,為城市型、生活污水混合污染源型。錢塘江呈現(xiàn)空間尺度上混合污染源的污染特征,淮河主要呈現(xiàn)點(diǎn)源污染的特征,而海河則是城市內(nèi)河的污染特征。利用主成分統(tǒng)計(jì)分析手段,將各湖泊河流作為特征污染源類型指紋對運(yùn)河個點(diǎn)來源進(jìn)行比對分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)運(yùn)河中段大部分以畜禽養(yǎng)殖與生活污水混合型污染源為主,而運(yùn)河兩端大城市樣品大部分以工業(yè)污染與生活污水型污染源為主,運(yùn)河沿岸農(nóng)村的樣品則以畜禽養(yǎng)殖污染源為主。研究中還對特征性化合物進(jìn)行了評估與確證。顯影劑碘普羅胺為醫(yī)療診斷藥物,只存在于醫(yī)療廢棄物,環(huán)境樣品中的出現(xiàn)指示著醫(yī)療廢水對環(huán)境的污染,可以將碘普羅胺作為城市醫(yī)療廢水污染的示蹤劑。壬基酚與雙酚A在所有樣品中均有檢出,本底值較高,造紙、服裝、塑料化工工業(yè)與生活污水都是其污染來源,本研究認(rèn)為本底污染主要來自生活污水,異常高值則主要來自工業(yè)污染。阿特拉津的檢出率也為100%,作為農(nóng)用除草劑,對農(nóng)業(yè)污染源有著較好的指示作用。β-內(nèi)酰胺類抗生素偶有檢出,指示新鮮污染源或垃圾滲濾液的污染。
[Abstract]:Drugs and personal care (PPCPs) is a substance used for the purpose of personal health and personal care, or a variety of substances used by farmers and livestock in order to maintain the health of livestock or to promote the growth of livestock. Because PPCPs is closely related to human activities, it is common in the environment. In this paper, 45 different types of drugs and personal care products were selected, and solid phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) quadrupole mass spectrometry was established, and the surface water samples of the Beijing Hangzhou canal and the coastal area were collected and analyzed. The P of the Beijing Hangzhou canal and the coastal area surface water was analyzed in detail. The concentration level and distribution law of PCPs. The sources of PPCPs in the Beijing Hangzhou canal and related lakes and rivers were compared systematically. The similarities and differences of the distribution characteristics of the PPCPs in the canal river in different seasons were compared. The specific PPCPs compounds were used as tracers for pollution, and the lakes and rivers affected by the specific pollution sources were used as fingerprint fragments with Beijing Hangzhou. River comparison, and then determine the sources of drugs and personal care in the Beijing Hangzhou canal, and provide theoretical support for the assessment and management of the PPCPs pollution in the Beijing Hangzhou canal. In all the surface water samples, 42 kinds of PPCPs compounds were detected, the total concentration range was 41.98 to 1541.87 ng/L., among which 34 were found in the summer canal river, 36 of the autumn canals, and the lakes. 20 kinds, 27 species of Qian Tang River, 29 species in Huaihe and 23 species of Haihe River, erythromycin, C Masi Bing, ketoprofen, nonylphenol, repellent and atrazine are detected in all samples. The total concentration of the Jing Hang canal from south to North PPCPs is fluctuating from the city to the countryside, the city PPCPs is high, and the level of PPCPs in the countryside is low. The average temperature in different seasons is the result of the average temperature in different seasons. The difference of light intensity and precipitation is obvious. The seasonal variation has a great influence on the distribution of PPCPs, and the total concentration of PPCPs in the surface water in autumn is obviously higher than that in summer. The total concentration range of the canal PPCPs is 56.3 ~ 1177 ng/L in summer, and the average value is 267 ng/L; the total concentration range of the canal PPCPs is 83.8 ~ 1542 ng/L in the autumn, and the average concentration is higher in the summer temperature of 342ng/L., light in the autumn. Strong precipitation is the main reason for low concentration of PPCPs, but the spraying time of atrazine is also seasonal because of the seasonal characteristics of agricultural activity. So the average concentration of atrazine in the canal water is less than that in summer. The concentration level of PPCPs in the lake water samples related to the Beijing Hangzhou canal is low. From 42 to 158ng/L., the pollution concentration of Shaobo lake and Gaoyou lake is the lowest, which can be used as a small population density, far from the concentrated animal husbandry, and the industrial background area. Taihu is a city type, the industrial type pollution characteristic, the city type of the Lake City, the aquaculture type pollution characteristic, the southern Weishan Lake in the village type, the sewage type pollution characteristic.3 Beijing Hangzhou canal The distribution law of PPCPs in Guan river has the following characteristics: the Qian Tang river has the lowest pollution level, the concentration range is 72.4 ~ 188ng/L, the average value is 113ng/L, which takes the paper industry park as the dividing line, the upstream is the aquaculture pollution and the downstream is industrial type pollution. The Huaihe sample takes the antibiotic drugs as the main pollution contaminant, and presents the typical livestock and poultry pollution type pollution. Tianjin Haihe River The surface water pollution is the most serious, the concentration range is 178 ~ 502ng/L, the average value is 318ng/L, which is the urban type and the mixed pollution source of the domestic sewage. The Qian Tang River presents the pollution characteristics of the mixed pollution source on the space scale, Huaihe mainly presents the characteristics of the point source pollution, while the Haihe River is the pollution characteristic of the inner river in the city. According to the comparison and analysis of the source of the canal, the main source of the canal was found in the middle of the canal. Most of the large cities in the canal were mainly polluted by industrial pollution and domestic sewage, and the rural samples along the canal were the livestock and poultry. The characteristic compounds were also evaluated and confirmed in the study. The developer was used as a medical diagnostic drug, only in medical waste. The appearance of environmental samples indicated the pollution of medical wastewater to the environment. Iplolamine could be used as a tracer for urban medical wastewater pollution. Nonylphenol and bisphenol A could be used as a tracer. In all the samples, the bottom value is higher, paper making, clothing, plastic industry and domestic sewage are the source of pollution. This study suggests that the base pollution mainly comes from domestic sewage, and the abnormal high value is mainly from industrial pollution. The detection rate of atrazine is also 100%. As a agricultural herbicide, it has a better source of agricultural pollution. Indicative effect. Beta lactam antibiotics were detected occasionally to indicate contamination of fresh pollution sources or landfill leachate.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X52

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