本文選題：橡膠磨耗 + 摩擦系數(shù)��； 參考：《青島科技大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：磨耗是由于機(jī)械作用或化學(xué)反應(yīng)在接觸物體表面產(chǎn)生的一種材料逐漸損耗的現(xiàn)象,磨耗發(fā)生在有摩擦力存在條件下任意二個(gè)物體之間相互作用相對(duì)滑移的過程中,二個(gè)接觸面都有材料損失和幾何形狀的改變,是具有時(shí)變特征的漸進(jìn)的動(dòng)態(tài)過程。輪胎與地面的摩擦作用和力的傳遞提供了汽車運(yùn)動(dòng)所需的各項(xiàng)力和力矩,汽車行駛過程中必然會(huì)造成輪胎的磨耗。輪胎是由橡膠及纖維或鋼絲增強(qiáng)材料組成的殼結(jié)構(gòu)體,具有黏彈性、大變形、非線性及溫度、形變、速度敏感性特征,其磨耗是一個(gè)相當(dāng)復(fù)雜的過程。目前,對(duì)輪胎磨耗的研究仍然缺乏系統(tǒng)的理論成果可資應(yīng)用,仍然面臨諸多挑戰(zhàn)。本研究立足應(yīng)用、力求實(shí)效,聚焦輪胎磨耗研究的關(guān)鍵難點(diǎn),進(jìn)行了理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,從橡膠摩擦磨耗影響要素的解析、數(shù)學(xué)建模到輪胎的熱力學(xué)分析與磨耗迭代計(jì)算,形成了一套比較系統(tǒng)的輪胎磨耗分析方法。1.橡膠磨耗影響因素的解析利用LAT100磨耗試驗(yàn)研究了胎面橡膠磨耗對(duì)滑移角度、速度、負(fù)荷的依賴關(guān)系。磨耗對(duì)負(fù)荷存在冪函數(shù)關(guān)系。磨耗對(duì)角度則存在二種不同的函數(shù)關(guān)系:在角度較小時(shí),磨耗與角度表現(xiàn)為冪函數(shù)關(guān)系,但角度較大時(shí),采用指數(shù)函數(shù)擬合磨耗量與角度的關(guān)系比冪函數(shù)具有更高的精度,反映出磨耗對(duì)角度具有強(qiáng)烈的依賴性。速度對(duì)磨耗的影響主要體現(xiàn)為橡膠溫度的變化,速度對(duì)磨耗的影響可以用溫度來(lái)表征�；贏kron磨耗試驗(yàn)機(jī),開發(fā)了對(duì)橡膠輪加熱的高溫磨耗測(cè)試輔助裝置,研究了溫度對(duì)橡膠磨耗的影響規(guī)律,溫度對(duì)磨耗的影響可以用二次多項(xiàng)式來(lái)表征。橡膠磨耗是角度、溫度、負(fù)荷、速度多因素交互作用的復(fù)雜過程。建立磨耗對(duì)多因素的綜合解析式是困難的,各因素對(duì)于磨耗的重要程度一直是令人著迷而又困惑的問題。為此采用xgboost數(shù)據(jù)挖掘技術(shù),對(duì)LAT100測(cè)試的三種TBR胎面膠的1000多組數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了整合分析,給出了角度、溫度、速度、負(fù)荷及胎面膠配方5種因素對(duì)磨耗的影響權(quán)重,定量描述了各因素對(duì)磨耗的重要性。2.橡膠的摩擦特性自制了摩擦系數(shù)測(cè)試裝備和多種路面,測(cè)試分析了低速下不同路面、不同負(fù)荷的摩擦系數(shù),負(fù)荷對(duì)橡膠在粗燥表面的摩擦系數(shù)影響很小。利用LAT100測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù),研究了摩擦系數(shù)與負(fù)荷、角度、溫度、速度的關(guān)系。負(fù)荷對(duì)摩擦系數(shù)影響很小,這與低速下的測(cè)試結(jié)果相一致。溫度、速度對(duì)摩擦系數(shù)的影響可用綜合變量logatv來(lái)表征,摩擦系數(shù)與logatv存在二次多項(xiàng)式關(guān)系,在一定的溫度范圍內(nèi)(如輪胎的正常使用溫度),摩擦系數(shù)對(duì)溫度、速度并不是十分敏感,這與許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為“摩擦系數(shù)對(duì)溫度、速度極其敏感”的觀點(diǎn)相左。摩擦系數(shù)對(duì)角度非常敏感,摩擦系數(shù)的變化緣于角度引起的接地區(qū)域黏附和滑移的交互轉(zhuǎn)化。為此引入黏附系數(shù)新參數(shù),實(shí)現(xiàn)了摩擦系數(shù)對(duì)角度的表征。3.橡膠的磨耗模型(1)熱力耦合模型負(fù)荷、角度與磨耗的關(guān)系可以集中用摩擦能來(lái)表征,溫度、速度對(duì)磨耗的影響可以集中用溫度來(lái)表征。磨耗對(duì)摩擦能存在冪函數(shù)關(guān)系。對(duì)lat100磨耗試驗(yàn)機(jī)進(jìn)行了多工況的磨耗試驗(yàn),用有限元模擬計(jì)算了不同工況的摩擦能,擬合得到了磨耗對(duì)摩擦能的冪函數(shù)關(guān)系式及冪指數(shù)和關(guān)系常數(shù)。磨耗對(duì)溫度存在二次多項(xiàng)式關(guān)系。高溫下的磨耗可以用溫度和摩擦能二個(gè)變量來(lái)集中表征,得到考慮溫度影響的摩擦能模型即磨耗的熱力耦合模型。橡膠滯后生熱導(dǎo)致的磨耗可被定義為橡膠的滾動(dòng)磨耗,因此,橡膠的磨耗可看作滑動(dòng)磨耗和滾動(dòng)磨耗共同作用的結(jié)果。(2)橡膠磨耗的微觀機(jī)理及本構(gòu)表征磨紋的成因源于撕裂能聚集及由此導(dǎo)致的裂紋產(chǎn)生和擴(kuò)展。采用分形幾何中的盒維數(shù)法對(duì)橡膠磨紋特征進(jìn)行了定量描述,綜合分析了已有的典型微觀解析模型的特點(diǎn),提出了一種新的橡膠磨耗模型,給出了模量、生熱、斷裂能、磨擦系數(shù)與磨耗強(qiáng)度關(guān)系的綜合表達(dá)式,為材料配方優(yōu)化磨耗性尋求綜合理論依據(jù)。4.輪胎的熱力學(xué)分析輪胎的力學(xué)分析可以得到輪胎接地表面各單元的剪切摩擦應(yīng)力和滑動(dòng)位移,進(jìn)而求得摩擦能,而接地表面各單元溫度則可通過輪胎的溫度場(chǎng)分析獲得,由橡膠磨耗的熱力耦合模型可進(jìn)一步求解輪胎的磨耗量和磨耗高度。熱力學(xué)計(jì)算的可靠性和精度直接影響磨耗分析的結(jié)果,是輪胎磨耗分析的重要環(huán)節(jié)。針對(duì)輪胎熱力學(xué)仿真目前存在的關(guān)鍵理論及應(yīng)用問題,如材料及理論模型的精度、材料測(cè)試精度、產(chǎn)品優(yōu)化技術(shù)等亟待解決的問題,進(jìn)行了研究探索。(1)結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)分析建立了一套橡膠力學(xué)性能試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng),通過該系統(tǒng)可以得到輪胎橡膠的材料性能參數(shù)。主要包括:實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)、ccd圖像處理、橡膠材料試驗(yàn)硫化模具設(shè)計(jì)、橡膠材料及鋼絲骨架材料的測(cè)試等。采用該測(cè)試平臺(tái)及試驗(yàn)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)不同材料模型的精度進(jìn)行了評(píng)估和優(yōu)選。基于企業(yè)與高校聯(lián)合開發(fā)的tysys結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)分析軟件,有機(jī)的融合最小應(yīng)變能力理論、最小應(yīng)力應(yīng)變幅值、最佳接地形狀、最佳應(yīng)變能周期、最佳滾動(dòng)輪廓等設(shè)計(jì)理論,引入?yún)^(qū)域應(yīng)變能的概念,結(jié)合退賠分析、國(guó)外優(yōu)秀產(chǎn)品的剖析及大量的機(jī)床試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證,建立了產(chǎn)品有限元分析評(píng)價(jià)判斷準(zhǔn)則。以產(chǎn)品改進(jìn)的算例闡述了有限元分析技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)化應(yīng)用的流程和重要性。該技術(shù)獲得多項(xiàng)科技成果并產(chǎn)生巨大經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。(2)熱學(xué)分析對(duì)材料(單質(zhì)橡膠及橡膠/鋼絲單層材料)熱學(xué)關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的模型進(jìn)行了梳理和細(xì)化,結(jié)合大量試驗(yàn)測(cè)試數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)損耗因子及導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的溫度依賴性進(jìn)行了表征�？紤]損耗因子、導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)的非線性,對(duì)穩(wěn)態(tài)非線性溫度場(chǎng)的求解進(jìn)行了理論推導(dǎo)。5.輪胎磨耗分析基于輪胎的熱力學(xué)分析和橡膠磨耗模型,采用磨耗迭代計(jì)算的方法,研究了速度、負(fù)荷對(duì)輪胎輪廓及磨耗量的影響規(guī)律。速度對(duì)磨耗的影響主要體現(xiàn)為因其的輪胎滯后生熱,滯后溫升對(duì)磨耗有重要影響。由此可以看出建立磨耗的能量和溫度的綜合模型,即熱力耦合模型是十分重要的。負(fù)荷增加會(huì)導(dǎo)致接地壓力、摩擦力的增大及應(yīng)力分布的變化,磨耗輪廓隨著負(fù)荷的增大呈現(xiàn)中部減小、肩部增加的態(tài)勢(shì),磨耗量對(duì)負(fù)荷存在冪函數(shù)關(guān)系。負(fù)荷及溫度對(duì)磨耗均具有重要影響,其規(guī)律與LAT100磨耗試驗(yàn)的結(jié)果相吻合,說明模擬分析結(jié)果是合理的。輪胎壓力印痕的研究很具現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,也是磨耗研究的基礎(chǔ)。其直接影響輪胎的耐磨性,并與輪胎的異磨、偏磨等不均勻磨耗密切相關(guān)。采用“TV7101輪胎接地壓力分布測(cè)試分析系統(tǒng)”建立了輪胎壓力印痕的測(cè)試及評(píng)價(jià)方法。該方法給出了矩形系數(shù)、不均勻度、壓力梯度、負(fù)荷承擔(dān)率、面積占有率等參數(shù)的定義和計(jì)算公式,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)對(duì)壓力印痕的更為細(xì)致的定量評(píng)價(jià),目前已被企業(yè)采用并形成企業(yè)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。試驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證。輪胎的壓力印痕可以通過結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的優(yōu)化得以改善,壓力印痕評(píng)價(jià)及有限元分析技術(shù)為輪胎結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的優(yōu)化、優(yōu)選提供了手段。以12R22.5產(chǎn)品改進(jìn)為例,闡述了優(yōu)化壓力印痕提高耐磨性的過程。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:改進(jìn)后輪胎的平均接地壓力降低了7.802%而裝車?yán)锍淘囼?yàn)?zāi)湍バ蕴岣吡?0%,達(dá)到了2.5倍,與理論分析得到的磨耗對(duì)負(fù)荷的關(guān)系具有很好的一致性。
[Abstract]:Wear is a phenomenon of gradual loss of a material caused by mechanical or chemical reactions on the surface of an object. The friction occurs when the interaction of two objects is relative sliding between any of the objects under the existence of friction. The loss of material and the geometric shape of the two contact surfaces are the gradual characteristics of the friction. The dynamic process. The friction and force transmission of the tire and the ground provide the various forces and moments required for the motor vehicle movement. The tire is bound to cause the wear of the tire. The tire is a shell structure consisting of rubber and fiber or steel reinforced material, with a viscoelastic, large deformation, nonlinear and temperature, deformation, and speed sensitivity. The wear of the tire is a very complicated process. At present, the research on tire wear is still lack of systematic theoretical results and still faces many challenges. This study is based on the application of the research and focuses on the key and difficult points of the tire wear research. The theoretical and experimental research is carried out, and the factors affecting the friction wear of rubber are analyzed. Mathematical modeling to the thermodynamic analysis of tire and the iterative calculation of wear and wear, an analytical method of tire wear analysis in a relatively systematic way is formed in the analysis of the influence factors of.1. rubber wear. The dependence of the tire rubber wear on the slip angle, velocity and load is studied by the LAT100 wear test. There are two different functional relationships: the wear and the angle are power function relations at the lower angle, but when the angle is larger, the relationship between the wear and the angle is more accurate than the power function, which reflects the strong dependence on the wear angle. The influence of speed on the wear is mainly reflected by the rubber temperature. The influence of speed on wear can be characterized by temperature. Based on the Akron wear testing machine, a high temperature wear test auxiliary device for rubber wheel heating is developed. The influence of temperature on rubber wear is studied. The effect of temperature on wear can be characterized by two times polynomial. The rubber wear is the angle, temperature, load and speed. The complex process of factors interaction. It is difficult to establish the comprehensive analytical formula of wear to multiple factors. The importance of each factor to the wear is always a fascinating and puzzling problem. Therefore, the xgboost data mining technology is used to integrate the more than 1000 sets of data of three kinds of TBR tread of the LAT100 test and give the angle, The influence weight of 5 factors, temperature, speed, load and tread formula on wear, the importance of each factor to wear,.2. rubber's friction characteristics, the friction coefficient test equipment and many kinds of pavement are made. The friction coefficient of different pavement, different load at low speed and the friction system of the rubber on the rough surface are tested and analyzed. The influence of the number of numbers is very small. The relationship between the friction coefficient and the load, the angle, the temperature and the velocity is studied by using the LAT100 test data. The effect of the load on the friction coefficient is very small, which is in accordance with the test results at low speed. The influence of temperature and velocity on the friction coefficient can be characterized by a comprehensive variable logatv, and the friction coefficient has two polynomial relations with the logatv, and In a certain temperature range (such as the normal use temperature of a tire), the friction coefficient is not very sensitive to the temperature and speed, which is different from the viewpoint that many scholars believe that the friction coefficient is extremely sensitive to temperature and velocity. The friction coefficient is very sensitive to the angle, and the change of the friction coefficient is due to the adhesion and slip of the ground area caused by the angle. A new parameter of adhesion coefficient is introduced to realize the friction coefficient to the angle of the.3. rubber wear model (1) the thermal coupling model load. The relation between the angle and the wear can be characterized by the friction energy. The influence of temperature and velocity on the wear can be characterized by the temperature. The friction energy has a power function relationship. The wear test of lat100 wear tester is carried out in multiple working conditions. The friction energy of different working conditions is calculated by finite element method. The relation of power function and power exponent and relation constant of friction energy to friction energy are obtained. There are two polynomial relations between wear and temperature. The wear consumption at high temperature can be set by two variables, temperature and friction energy. The friction energy model, which considered the effect of temperature, is characterized by the thermal coupling model of wear, which is defined as the rolling wear of rubber. Therefore, the wear of rubber can be regarded as the result of the joint action of sliding wear and rolling wear. (2) the mechanism of rubber wear and the cause of the cause of the texture of the texture are derived from the cause of the cause of the wear pattern. The characteristics of the rubber wear are quantificationally described by the box dimension method in fractal geometry, and the characteristics of the typical typical micro analytical models are analyzed. A new rubber wear model is put forward, and the relation between modulus, heat, fracture energy, friction coefficient and wear strength is given. In order to find the comprehensive theoretical basis for the optimization of material formulation, a comprehensive theory based on the thermodynamic analysis of.4. tires can be used to obtain the shear friction stress and sliding displacement of each unit on the ground surface of the tire, and then the friction energy is obtained, and the temperature of the ground surface can be obtained by the analysis of the temperature field of the tire, and the rubber is obtained by the rubber. The thermal coupling model of rubber wear can further solve the tire wear and wear height. The reliability and accuracy of thermodynamic calculation directly affect the results of wear analysis. It is an important part of tire wear analysis. The key theory and application problems of tire thermodynamic simulation, such as material and theoretical model, are the precision of material and theoretical model. Test precision, product optimization technology and other problems to be solved. (1) structural mechanical analysis set up a set of rubber mechanical performance test system, through the system can get the tire rubber material performance parameters, including: experimental design, CCD image processing, rubber material test vulcanization mold design, rubber material The test platform and test data are used to evaluate and optimize the accuracy of different material models. Based on the tysys structural mechanics analysis software developed jointly by enterprises and universities, the organic fusion minimum strain ability theory, the minimum stress strain amplitude, the optimum grounding shape, and the optimum strain energy cycle are made. The concept of regional strain energy is introduced, the concept of regional strain energy is introduced, combined with the analysis of refund compensation, the analysis of foreign excellent products and a large number of machine tool test verification, the evaluation criteria of product finite element analysis and evaluation are established. The process and importance of the application of the finite element analysis technology industrialization are expounded with the example of product improvement. The technology is obtained. A number of scientific and technological achievements have been obtained and great economic benefits have been obtained. (2) thermal analysis of the thermal analysis of material (single rubber and rubber / steel wire single layer material) model of thermal key parameters was combed and refined, combined with a large number of test data, the loss factor and thermal conductivity of the temperature dependence were characterized. Linear, the theoretical derivation of the steady-state nonlinear temperature field is derived. The.5. tire wear analysis is based on the tire thermodynamic analysis and the rubber wear model. The influence of the speed and load on the tire profile and wear is studied by the method of wear iterative calculation. The influence of speed on the wear is mainly reflected by the lag generation of tire. Heat, the lag temperature rise has an important effect on wear and wear. Thus it is shown that a comprehensive model of the energy and temperature of wear, that is, the thermal coupling model is very important. The increase of load will lead to the ground pressure, the increase of friction force and the change of the stress distribution, the wear outline decreases with the increase of the load, the increase of the shoulder and the grinding of the shoulder. The load and temperature have an important influence on the load. The load and temperature have an important influence on wear and wear. The rule is in agreement with the results of the LAT100 wear test. It shows that the simulation analysis results are reasonable. The research on tire pressure mark is very practical and the foundation of Wear Research. The measurement and evaluation method of tire pressure marks is established by using the "TV7101 tire ground pressure distribution test and analysis system". The method gives the definition and calculation formula of the parameters such as the rectangular coefficient, the inhomogeneity, the pressure gradient, the load bearing rate, the area occupancy and so on. It can realize the pressure mark. The more detailed quantitative evaluation has been adopted by the enterprise and formed the technical standard of enterprise. Test verification. The tire pressure marks can be improved through the optimization of structural design parameters. Pressure mark evaluation and finite element analysis technology are used to optimize the design of tire structure and provide a means to optimize the design of the tire. The 12R22.5 product improvement is illustrated as an example. The test results show that the average ground pressure of the improved tire is reduced by 7.802% and the wear resistance of the loaded mileage test is increased by 20%, reaching 2.5 times, and the relationship between the wear and the theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the load.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：青島科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TQ336.1
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本文編號(hào)：1930885