本文關(guān)鍵詞： 重金屬尾礦 生態(tài)修復(fù) 鐵硫氧化 氮轉(zhuǎn)化 細(xì)菌群落　出處：《安徽大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：礦業(yè)尾礦及其相關(guān)污染物通過風(fēng)層分散以及水力侵蝕向外擴(kuò)散,使它成為造成周圍環(huán)境土壤、水體和大氣污染的重要污染源。植物重建是現(xiàn)今礦業(yè)廢棄地修復(fù)的主要方式,然而尾礦的鐵硫氧化過程導(dǎo)致的尾礦酸化以及尾礦自身營(yíng)養(yǎng)元素匱乏在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)限制了尾礦中植物的定植和補(bǔ)充,使得植被修復(fù)非常困難。眾所周知鐵硫氧化菌的存在會(huì)加速硫化物礦物的氧化過程,同時(shí)微生物氮轉(zhuǎn)化過程也會(huì)影響重金屬尾礦生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展。因此生態(tài)修復(fù)過程能否控制重金屬尾礦的鐵硫氧化過程和其對(duì)氮轉(zhuǎn)化的影響是亟待闡明的。本研究以銅陵市水木沖銅尾礦庫(kù)為研究對(duì)象,主要通過分析其中的微生物組成和功能微生物,探討重金屬尾礦鐵硫氧化和氮轉(zhuǎn)化以及植物修復(fù)對(duì)該過程的影響。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.為分析尾礦酸化過程中活性微生物的組成,本研究使用添加葡萄糖的方式刺激尾礦中大多數(shù)微生物的活性。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)添加8 mg C/g葡萄糖并沒有顯著刺激pH 7.5的尾礦中微生物的活性,分別增加了 pH 5.5和pH 3尾礦中微生物的活性。在未添加硝酸銨的情況下,葡萄糖添加后pH 5.5和pH 3尾礦中CO2排放量增加了 3.4倍和2.8倍;在同時(shí)添加8 mg C/g葡萄糖和1 mgN/g硝酸銨的情況下,pH 5.5和pH 3尾礦中CO2排放量增加了 9.1倍和39.1倍。在pH 7.5的尾礦中,葡萄糖的添加增加了優(yōu)勢(shì)屬(相對(duì)豐度1%)、次優(yōu)勢(shì)屬(相對(duì)豐度位于0.1%-1%)和非優(yōu)勢(shì)屬(相對(duì)豐度0.1%)的相對(duì)豐度,這些微生物隸屬于變形菌門、酸桿菌門、放線菌門、擬桿菌門、厚壁菌門和浮霉菌門等。然而隨著尾礦酸化的加劇,活性微生物主要屬于優(yōu)勢(shì)和次優(yōu)勢(shì)的類群且僅隸屬于變形菌和放線菌。2.本研究分析尾礦上優(yōu)勢(shì)植物群落的構(gòu)建對(duì)尾礦的硫化物礦物氧化、細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)和氮轉(zhuǎn)化功能的影響。結(jié)果表明植被構(gòu)建主要影響表層0-20 cm的尾礦。與裸地尾礦相比,植被構(gòu)建減緩了表層尾礦pH的降低,具有更低的游離氧化鐵含量和硫酸根含量;同時(shí)能夠降低了關(guān)鍵鐵硫氧化細(xì)菌的數(shù)量。另一方面,優(yōu)勢(shì)植被的構(gòu)建改變了表層尾礦的細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu),其中alpha-、delta-變形菌門、酸桿菌門、厚壁菌門和硝化螺旋菌門的相對(duì)數(shù)量出現(xiàn)顯著的差異。同時(shí)植被構(gòu)建通過改變nifH基因多樣性,提高nifH基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄增加表層尾礦的固氮速率和氮含量。此外,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)受試區(qū)域的白茅是幾種植物中能夠最有效地減少鐵硫氧化微生物的數(shù)量以及提高根際固氮基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的物種,從而被認(rèn)為可以作為先鋒物種的種植用來抑制硫化物礦物的氧化以及促進(jìn)固氮微生物的表達(dá)。3.本研究通過比較兩種用于生態(tài)修復(fù)的植被重建措施(直接植被重建和自然覆土)下尾礦剖面中的生化特性,研究自然覆土對(duì)土壤生物地球化學(xué)功能的影響。尾礦覆土區(qū)域覆土層約40 cm厚,人工覆土?xí)r間長(zhǎng)達(dá)10年。人工覆土層具有比直接植被種植更高的總氮、總有機(jī)碳和含水量和較低的重金屬(Fe、Cu和Zn)含量。另外,在覆土區(qū)域10-40 cm處的細(xì)菌多樣性增加,細(xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生顯著改變。人工覆土措施是主要影響尾礦中細(xì)菌群落的主要因素,其解釋了細(xì)菌群落最大的變異(29.96%)。與直接植被重建相比,人工覆土策略顯示了較高的酸桿菌門和delta-變形菌門的相對(duì)豐度和較低的擬桿菌門、芽單胞菌門、beta-和Gamma-變形菌的相對(duì)豐度。PICRUSt分析進(jìn)一步指出人工覆土導(dǎo)致了能量代謝功能的改變,主要體現(xiàn)在碳氮硫代謝�？傊�,人工覆土策略可能用來加速自然微生物的建立以及有利于穩(wěn)定的原生植物物種生物地球化學(xué)過程的修復(fù)。綜上所述,重金屬尾礦的生態(tài)修復(fù)過程并不會(huì)因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)碳的添加導(dǎo)致尾礦酸化的加劇;成功的植被構(gòu)建能夠抑制尾礦中硫化物礦物的氧化并且改善尾礦表層的生物化學(xué)性質(zhì);尾礦中的先鋒群落白茅可以廣泛用于尾礦的修復(fù)因?yàn)槠淠軌蛞种屏蚧锏V物的氧化,延緩銅尾礦酸化進(jìn)程,同時(shí)促進(jìn)固氮微生物生長(zhǎng);人工覆土能夠加快表層尾礦自然細(xì)菌群落的形成。
[Abstract]:Mining tailings and related pollutants by wind and water erosion layer scattered outward diffusion, make it become the cause of surrounding soil, an important source of pollution of water and air pollution. The plant is the main way of the reconstruction of mining wasteland restoration. However, iron sulfur oxidation process in tailings tailings tailings acidification and its nutrition in very short for a long time limit of colonization and tailings plant, the vegetation restoration is very difficult. The oxidation process of iron sulfur oxidizing bacteria as everyone knows the existence of sulfide minerals will accelerate, while microbial nitrogen transformation processes will also affect the development of heavy metal mine ecosystem. Therefore the ecological restoration process can iron sulfur oxidation process control of heavy metals in tailings and its effect on nitrogen transformation is the urgent need to clarify. The research on Tongling city water rushed copper tailing as the research object, mainly through Analysis of microbial composition and function of microbial the effect of heavy metal tailings of iron sulfur oxidation and nitrogen transformation and Phytoremediation of the process. The main results are as follows: 1. for the analysis of active microbial tailings acidification process, the activity of most microorganisms using glucose stimulation in the tailings. The results showed that the addition of 8 mg C/g glucose did not significantly stimulate microbial activity in the tailings of pH 7.5, pH 5.5 and pH were increased by 3 in the tailings microbial activity. In the case without the addition of ammonium nitrate, CO2 emissions of glucose after adding pH 5.5 and pH 3 in the tailings increased 3.4 times and 2.8 times; in addition to 8 mg C/g glucose and 1 mgN/g ammonium nitrate under the condition of pH 5.5 and pH CO2 emissions of 3 tailings has been increased by 9.1 times and 39.1 times. In 7.5 pH of tailings, glucose add genera (phase The abundance of 1% times), the dominant genera (relative abundance in non dominant genera (0.1%-1%) and the relative abundance of 0.1%) the relative abundance of these microorganisms belonging to Proteobacteria and acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and planctomycetes. However, with the aggravation of the tailings acidification the main advantage, microbial activity and belongs to the dominant group and only belong to Proteobacteria and the analysis on the advantages of plant community construction tailings tailings of sulfide minerals oxidation of actinomycetes.2., affecting the function of community structure and nitrogen transformation bacteria. The results show that the main effect of planting tailings was constructed. Compared with the 0-20 cm bare tailings, vegetation construction slowed down the decrease of pH surface tailings, with lower content of free iron oxide and sulfate content; at the same time can reduce the number of key iron sulfur oxidizing bacteria. On the other hand, the construction of the dominant vegetation change table The bacterial community structure, layer of tailings in which alpha-, delta- Proteobacteria, acidobacteria, there was significant difference between the relative number of Firmicutes and nitrospirae. At the same time, vegetation construction by changing the nifH gene diversity, improve the transcription of nifH gene increased the rate of nitrogen fixation surface tailings and nitrogen content. In addition, it is found that the participants of the regional cylindrica is several plants can be the most effective way to reduce the number of iron sulfur oxidizing microorganisms and improve the rhizosphere nitrogen fixation gene transcription species, it is considered as a pioneer species of plant oxidation can be used to inhibit sulfide minerals and promote the expression of.3. of nitrogen fixing organisms this study by comparing the two kinds of measures for vegetation reconstruction ecological restoration (direct vegetation reconstruction and natural soil) and biochemical characteristics of tailing profile in the influence of natural soil on soil biogeochemical functions of the tail. Mine overburden area soil layer about 40 cm thick, artificial soil for 10 years. The artificial soil with planting vegetation than higher total nitrogen, total organic carbon and water content and low heavy metals (Fe, Cu and Zn) content. In addition, the bacterial diversity increased in soil area at 10-40 cm, the bacterial community structure changed significantly. The artificial soil covering measures are the main factors that mainly influence the bacterial community in the tailings, which explains the variation of bacterial community the largest (29.96%). Compared with the direct artificial vegetation restoration, soil covering strategy shows a higher relative abundance of acidobacteria and delta- proteobacteria. And lower bacteriodetes, gemmatimonadetes, beta- and Gamma- analysis further pointed out that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria.PICRUSt artificial soil resulted in energy metabolism changes, mainly reflected in the carbon metabolism of nitrogen and sulfur. In short, artificial soil strategy can be used to accelerate the self However, microbial establishment and repair is conducive to the stability of the native plant species biogeochemical process. In summary, the ecological restoration process of heavy metals in tailings and not because of added organic carbon in tailings acidification intensified; biochemical properties of successful revegetation can inhibit the oxidation of sulfide minerals in tailings tailings and improve the surface of the Pioneer community Imperata; the tailings can be used in the repair of tailings can inhibit the oxidation because of sulfide minerals, delaying the copper tailings acidification process, and promote the growth of nitrogen fixing microorganisms; artificial soil can accelerate the formation of surface layer of tailings natural bacterial communities.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X172;X171.4

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