本文關(guān)鍵詞：錳礦污染區(qū)植物群落模式修復(fù)效應(yīng)研究　出處：《中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 錳礦污染區(qū) 生態(tài)修復(fù)工程 泡桐 欒樹 植物群落 有機菌肥 熱力學(xué)方程

【摘要】：本文以湘潭錳礦污染區(qū)治理為研究對象,致力于探索重金屬污染場地生態(tài)修復(fù)涉及的理論與工程技術(shù)問題。通過野外調(diào)查和樣品采集,分析了錳礦渣堆積區(qū)基質(zhì)的理化性質(zhì)與重金屬污染程度,統(tǒng)計了區(qū)內(nèi)分布的本土植物種類,分析了其重金屬耐受和積累特性,選出了 16種生態(tài)-經(jīng)濟型修復(fù)植物。采用礦渣作為基質(zhì)開展了盆栽試驗,測試分析了篩選植物耐受復(fù)合重金屬污染的機理,檢驗了專用有機菌肥改良根際土壤的效果。結(jié)合盆栽試驗,構(gòu)建了中試模擬場地試驗裝置,對比了復(fù)合與單一植物模式的修復(fù)效應(yīng)�；谏鲜鲅芯�,以泡桐和欒樹為建群植物,采用專用有機菌肥改良根際土壤微生態(tài)環(huán)境來代替常規(guī)的覆土方法,成功地在湘潭錳礦污染區(qū)建立了面積為4 hm2的生態(tài)修復(fù)示范區(qū)。示范區(qū)建成后5年里,通過采樣、監(jiān)測,比較了泡桐和欒樹5年生長量和重金屬積累特性,分析了逐步形成的植物群落結(jié)構(gòu)和其重金屬吸收的季節(jié)變化效應(yīng)。結(jié)合運用物理化學(xué)與生態(tài)學(xué)原理,建立了用以描述重金屬污染修復(fù)區(qū)狀態(tài)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)熱力學(xué)方程,測試分析了不同植物群落模式的Gibbs自由能和不同物種的化學(xué)勢。本研究為指導(dǎo)生態(tài)修復(fù)工程實踐和評價污染區(qū)生態(tài)修復(fù)效果提出了新的理論依據(jù)與實用參數(shù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)湘潭錳礦渣基質(zhì)保水性差,氮、磷含量低,不利于植物生長�；|(zhì)中最高Mn含量可達24727.73 mg/kg,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn的平均含量也遠超過湖南省和全國的背景值。污染指數(shù)、地累積指數(shù)和潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險指數(shù)評價結(jié)果表明,試驗點屬多重金屬重度污染區(qū),存在極大的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險。礦區(qū)本土植物共63種29科,多為草本植物。盆栽篩選試驗中,泡桐、烏桕、蓖麻、欒樹、小葉女貞、紅麻、夾竹桃成活率均達100%,7種植物中,泡桐和欒樹生長速度最快,泡桐、欒樹、紅麻、夾竹桃的Mn、Pb積累量大,專用有機菌肥顯著增大了植物生物量和錳吸收量,含20%有機菌肥基質(zhì)處理的成本效益最高。(2)中試模擬試驗中,復(fù)合植物模式的生物量、Mn積累量、持水量分別是單一植物模式的1.6、7.5、1.5倍,有機菌肥能增大群落重金屬吸收量,提高基質(zhì)保水能力,降低重金屬污染擴散量。模擬降雨淋失試驗中,有機菌肥處理提高了土壤水溶性Mn含量,但降低了其絡(luò)合性重金屬含量,系統(tǒng)水土流失和隨其帶走的重金屬量隨模擬降雨強度增大而增大。要控制污染擴散,必須攔截阻隔降雨時期污染區(qū)的水土流失。復(fù)合植物-有機菌肥處理的植物覆蓋度、生物量、重金屬積累量最大,生態(tài)修復(fù)效果最好,形成的喬-灌-草空間結(jié)構(gòu)具有生物多樣性豐富,保水力強和水土流失量低的綜合特點。(3)生態(tài)修復(fù)示范區(qū)中,專用有機菌肥處理區(qū)栽種的泡桐和欒樹的成活率大于83%,利用其速生特點,能快速恢復(fù)污染區(qū)植被景觀。3至5年樹齡的泡桐平均樹高、胸徑、生物量、重金屬積累量均大于欒樹。兩種植物重金屬積累量隨樹齡顯著增大,在植體內(nèi)的分布規(guī)律為莖根葉。兩種植物的Mn、Pb含量隨樹齡的變化不大,在植體內(nèi)的分布規(guī)律為葉根儢。復(fù)合植物群落的密度、蓋度、豐富度、多樣性指數(shù)的季節(jié)變化顯著,規(guī)律為夏秋與春冬。由于落葉和草本植物的消亡,植物群落地上部生物量和重金屬吸收量隨季節(jié)變化的規(guī)律為秋夏冬≈春。處理區(qū)根際土壤Mn水溶性季節(jié)規(guī)律為夏、秋和冬大于春季,土壤微生物數(shù)量和種類數(shù)為秋和夏大于春和冬季。植物的生長量和錳積累量與土壤重金屬有效性和工程區(qū)植物多樣性呈正相關(guān)。(4)監(jiān)測的植物修復(fù)模式中,復(fù)合植物群落模式的覆蓋度、豐富度、多樣性指數(shù)、均勻度最大。不同模式植物的平均年生物量增長率為:復(fù)合植物-有機菌肥單一草坪-覆土單一欒樹-覆土對照;植物錳吸收量為:復(fù)合植物-有機菌肥單一欒樹-覆土對照單一草坪-覆土。復(fù)合植物-有機菌肥模式的群落層次豐富度和多彩美景度最高,景觀效果最好。(5)本研究定義的轉(zhuǎn)運量系數(shù)TQ和積累量系數(shù)BQF可定量描述植物的重金屬轉(zhuǎn)運和去除能力,而建立的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)Gibbs自由能方程可用以確定工程區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的狀態(tài)和評價修復(fù)的效果。植物群落自由能和化學(xué)勢描述的生態(tài)修復(fù)效應(yīng)與相關(guān)生態(tài)學(xué)指標(biāo)反映的基本趨勢一致,復(fù)合植物-有機菌肥模式的錳吸收量的Gibbs自由能值最高、富集錳元素的勢能最強。自由能G包含了系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力和生物多樣性信息,化學(xué)勢μ能反映植物生長勢、元素吸收能力及其相關(guān)的生態(tài)學(xué)特性。與傳統(tǒng)指標(biāo)相比,G和μ可從熱力學(xué)角度分析生態(tài)系統(tǒng)與立地環(huán)境的相關(guān)性,因此,建立的熱力學(xué)方程在指導(dǎo)生態(tài)修復(fù)工程實踐和評價修復(fù)效果中具有一定的應(yīng)用價值。本文主要的創(chuàng)新點為:(1)采用用材樹種為建群物種,發(fā)展了新的用以修復(fù)重金屬污染場地的植物群落模式技術(shù)。(2)應(yīng)用了具有解毒和供肥功能的含有耐性菌株的有機菌肥。(3)建立了用以確定生態(tài)修復(fù)工程區(qū)植物群落自由能和化學(xué)勢的熱力學(xué)方程。
[Abstract]:Based on the governance of Xiangtan manganese polluted area as the research object, aims to explore the ecological restoration of heavy metal contaminated sites involved in theory and engineering technology. Through field investigation and sample collection, analysis of the manganese slag accumulation area of matrix and the physicochemical properties of heavy metal pollution in the area, the distribution of native plant species and its analysis heavy metal tolerance and accumulation characteristics, selected 16 kinds of eco economic type repair plants. Using slag as substrate in the pot experiment carried out, test analysis of the mechanism of screening of complex heavy metal pollution tolerance in plants, the special inspection of rhizosphere soil organic fertilizer improved effect. With the pot experiment, establishes the simulation test site test equipment repair effect of composite and single plant model. Based on the above research, with Paulownia edificatos and Koelreuteria plants, using special fertilizer improved rhizosphere soil micro organic Instead of the conventional method of soil ecological environment, successfully in Xiangtan manganese polluted area was established as the demonstration zone of ecological restoration area of 4 hm2. 5 years after the completion of the demonstration area, through sampling, monitoring, comparison of the 5 annual growth of Paulownia and Koelreuteria and heavy metals accumulation characteristics, analyzes the effect of seasonal variation of plant community structure step by step and the formation of the heavy metal absorption. Combined with the use of physical chemistry and ecology principle, ecological system is established to describe the state of thermodynamic equation for remediation of heavy metal contaminated area, test analysis of different plant community patterns of Gibbs free energy and chemical potential of different species is proposed. The theoretical basis and practical parameters of the new study the guidance of ecological restoration engineering practice and assessment of pollution of ecological restoration. The main results are as follows: (1) Xiangtan manganese slag matrix of bad water retention, low nitrogen, phosphorus content, unfavorable to plant growth. The matrix can reach the highest content of Mn 24727.73 mg/kg, Pb, Cd, Cu, the average content of Zn is far better than the Hunan province and the national background value. The pollution index, geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk evaluation index showed that the test point is more severe heavy metal pollution area, there is great potential ecological risk. Mining of native plants a total of 63 species of 29 families, mostly herbaceous plants. Pot tests, Paulownia, Sapium, castor, Koelreuteria paniculata, Ligustrum quihoui, kenaf, the survival rate of oleander reaches 100%, 7 kinds of plants, and for the fastest growth of Paulownia, Paulownia, Luan tree, kenaf, oleander Mn, Pb accumulation special, manure fertilizer significantly increased the plant biomass and Mn uptake, containing 20% organic bacterial manure treatments cost-effective. (2) in the simulation experiment, the biomass composite plant model, the accumulation of Mn, the water holding capacity were 1.6,7.5,1.5 times higher than that of single plant model, Organic fertilizer can increase the uptake of heavy metals to improve community, matrix water retention capacity, reduce the heavy metal pollution diffusion amount. The simulated rainfall leaching test, manure fertilizer treatment increased soil water soluble Mn content, but reduced its complexing heavy metal content, soil erosion and the system with taking heavy metals increases with rainfall intensity increased. To control the spread of pollution to soil erosion rainfall interception barrier area. The organic pollution in fertilizer plant compound plant coverage, biomass, accumulation of heavy metals in the largest amount, the best effect of ecological restoration, the formation of Joe irrigation grass spatial structure with abundant biodiversity and comprehensive characteristics of soil and water conservation is strong low loss. (3) ecological restoration demonstration area, special organic fertilizer and planting area of Paulownia Koelreuteria survival rate more than 83%, with its fast-growing characteristics, can be quickly restored polluted area Paulownia tree vegetation landscape average.3 to 5 years of age, DBH, biomass, heavy metal accumulation was greater than two. Koelreuteria heavy metal accumulation in plants was significantly increased with age, the distribution of planting in order of stem leaf and root. Two species of Mn, Pb content changes little with age, in distribution for the implantation of leaf Genlv. Compound plant density, coverage, abundance, seasonal variation of diversity index is significant, for summer and winter and spring. The law due to the demise of herbaceous plants and deciduous plants, above ground biomass and heavy metal uptake with seasonal variation rules for summer autumn and winter is spring. Root processing area soil water soluble Mn seasonal pattern for the summer, autumn and winter than in spring, soil microbial quantity and species number is greater than the spring and summer autumn and winter. The growth and accumulation of manganese plant diversity and soil heavy metal availability and plant in engineering area Positive correlation. (4) phytoremediation mode monitoring, coverage, compound plant model species richness, diversity index, evenness. Different patterns of the average annual growth rate of biomass: composite plant turf soil organic bacterial manure single single - soil of Koelreuteria paniculata; manganese absorption plant quantity: the compound organic fertilizer plant - soil single Koelreuteria controlled single lawn - soil composite plant community richness. Organic pattern and colorful beauty of fertilizer is the highest, the landscape effect is the best. (5) TQ transportation coefficients of this study and the definition of the accumulation coefficient BQF can quantitatively describe the heavy metal transport in plants and the removal ability, and the establishment of the ecological system of Gibbs free energy equation can be used to determine the effect of state and evaluation of ecosystem engineering area. The plant community restoration of free energy and chemical potential to describe the effect of ecological restoration and ecological indexes The same basic trend reflects the energy value of the maximum amount of Gibbs free composite plant model of manganese absorption of organic fertilizer, the strongest enrichment of manganese. The potential free energy G includes system productivity and biodiversity information, chemical potential can reflect plant growth, absorption capacity and ecological characteristics. Compared with the traditional correlation index, correlation, G and analysis of ecosystem and environment from the view of thermodynamics and thermodynamic equation has certain application value in guiding the practice of ecological restoration projects and to evaluate the repair effect. The main innovation of this paper is: (1) the timber species edificatos species, with the development of new to plant community mode technology remediation of heavy metal polluted sites. (2) applied with the function of detoxification and fertilizer containing organic fertilizer tolerance strains. (3) to establish the ecological restoration areas for The thermodynamic equation of the free energy and chemical potential of a plant community.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中南林業(yè)科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：X173;X757
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本文編號：1409593