本文關(guān)鍵詞：基督教哲學(xué)中惡的問題　出處：《北京第二外國語學(xué)院》2007年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 惡 神正論 斯溫伯恩 �？� 自由意志 造靈說

【摘要】： 為什么世界上會有如此多的苦難?我們或許還忘不了太平洋海嘯的慘景，非洲難民的無助眼神，非典時期的恐慌；也忘不了世貿(mào)大廈的轟塌，納粹令人發(fā)指的酷刑；更無法逃避現(xiàn)實生活中為工作奔走的艱辛，不得不被淪為房奴的無奈……現(xiàn)實中不可逃避的苦難已經(jīng)成為古往今來學(xué)者專家們不斷討論的話題，東有荀況，西有集大成者的奧古斯丁。但西方對惡的討論與東方略有不同，是處于宗教的范疇內(nèi)，于是惡的問題便成為：為什么全知、全能、全善的上帝會允許惡的存在呢? 英國宗教哲學(xué)家約翰·�？苏J(rèn)為，，西方對惡的問題的討論大體有兩種不同的傳統(tǒng)：奧古斯丁傳統(tǒng)和愛任紐傳統(tǒng)。奧古斯丁的思想對后世影響十分深遠(yuǎn)，他最有影響的觀點(diǎn)是將惡的存在歸因于人的自由意志。上帝賜予人類寶貴的自由意志以使人類能夠進(jìn)行自由的選擇，而自由選擇意味著人類可能會選擇作惡，從而導(dǎo)致惡的產(chǎn)生。奧古斯丁還開辟了自然神學(xué)的先河，即試圖用理性為上帝辯護(hù)。愛任紐則從另一角度為上帝為何允許惡的存在而進(jìn)行解釋，他認(rèn)為上帝造人的工作還未結(jié)束，世間的苦難是上帝為創(chuàng)造出他心目中的理想人格而設(shè)置的，是不可或缺的。 理查德·斯溫伯恩和約翰·�？耸钱�(dāng)代兩位杰出的宗教哲學(xué)家。他們都接納了現(xiàn)代科學(xué)知識，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了比較系統(tǒng)、完善的神正論。然而他們的神正論卻分別繼承了上述兩種不同的傳統(tǒng)。理查德·斯溫伯恩繼承了奧古斯丁傳統(tǒng)，并對其中的不符合當(dāng)代科學(xué)的地方進(jìn)行了修正和完善。他認(rèn)為上帝賦予人類的是真正的自由，這種自由必然包含有人類選擇作惡的可能性。人類通過自己的選擇從而選擇了自己的人生：選擇最終得以入天堂還是下地獄。 約翰·�？藙t是一位大慈悲家，他在一定程度上受到東方佛教的影響，摒棄了基督教中的地獄說，從而發(fā)展了愛任紐的思想傳統(tǒng)，提出了見解獨(dú)特的造靈說。他認(rèn)為上帝造人的目的是創(chuàng)造“上帝之子”(Children of God)，人生的過程是上帝造靈的過程，并且這一過程還沒有結(jié)束。為了實現(xiàn)目標(biāo)，最終創(chuàng)造出上帝之子，上帝為人類設(shè)置了充滿邪惡的艱險之途，人類通過克服邪惡，最終成為喜悅上帝的子民。 斯溫伯恩和希克從完全不同的兩種傳統(tǒng)出發(fā)，構(gòu)建了他們的神正論，但他們的神正論內(nèi)部卻有很多相同的元素。他們都對惡的存在持有一種樂觀積極的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為惡的存在是為了更大的善---自由，并且惡可以幫助人類成長，形成理想的人格。他們都摒棄了傳統(tǒng)的宿命論，在不同程度上肯定了人類對自己命運(yùn)的主動性。 斯溫伯恩和希克神正論的不同之處在于他們的宗教認(rèn)識論。斯溫伯恩秉承奧古斯丁自然神學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)，堅持用理性認(rèn)知上帝。而希克在這一點(diǎn)上比較模糊，他認(rèn)為上帝至高無上，不能為人類有限的智慧所完全認(rèn)知。其次，他們對人類末世的看法也有所不同。斯溫伯恩認(rèn)為人類最終是自己選擇入天堂或下地獄，而�？藙t認(rèn)為所有人類最終都能進(jìn)入天堂，只有這樣才能與上帝之愛相符合。
[Abstract]:Why there is so much suffering? We may forget the Pacific Tsunami miserable scene, helpless eyes of African refugees, the SARS panic; never forget the WTC collapse, Nazi heinous torture; more cannot escape from real life to work hard running, had to be reduced to slaves of the helpless. The inescapable suffering has become scholars from ancient to modern times experts continue to discuss the topic, east of Xunzi, West synthesizer Augustin. But the western and Eastern slightly different discussion on evil, is a religious category, so the problem of evil becomes: why omniscience, omnipotence, good God will allow the existence of evil?
The British philosopher of religion, John Hick believes that the discussion of the problem of evil in the West there are two different traditions: the tradition of Augustin and Irenaeus tradition. The influence of Augustin's Thought on future generations is very profound, his most influential view is attributed to the existence of evil people's free will. God gives human free will in order to make the human to freedom of choice and freedom of choice means that human beings may choose the evil, evil was caused. Augustin also opened up a precedent of natural theology, which attempts to use rational defends God. Irenaeus from another angle for why does God allow the existence of evil and interpretation, he believes God made man's work is not over, suffering is God and set to create the ideal personality in his mind, is indispensable.
Richard Swinburn and John Hick are two outstanding contemporary philosopher of religion. They all accepted the modern scientific knowledge, and put forward the systematic, perfect theodicy. However they are theodicy inherited these two different traditions. Chad Swinburn inherited the tradition of Augustin, and of which do not meet the contemporary the place of science was amended and improved. He believes that God has given man's true freedom, this freedom must include the possibility of human evil. The human choice by selecting their own life: to choose the final choice to enter heaven or hell.
John Hick is one of the great compassion, he was influenced by the Oriental Buddhism to a certain extent, abandoned the Christian hell, thus the development of Irenaeus thought tradition, put forward the unique view of soul making. He believes that God is to create the "son of God" (Children of God), the process of life is the spirit of God made the process, and this process is not over. In order to achieve the goal, and ultimately create a son of God, God set a dangerous journey full of evil for mankind, mankind through overcoming evil, eventually become the joy of God's people.
Swinburne and Hiker from the two traditional completely different view, construct their theodicy, but they have a lot of theodicy within the same elements. They are the existence of evil hold a positive attitude, that the existence of evil is for the greater good and evil, freedom, can help mankind the growth, formation of the ideal personality. They have abandoned the traditional fatalism in different extent affirmed the initiative of human destiny.
The difference between Swinburne and Hiker Theodicy in their religious epistemology. Swinburne inherited Augustin's natural theology tradition, adhere to the rational cognition of God. Hiker at this point is vague, he believed that God is not supreme, limited human wisdom completely cognition. Secondly, they also eschatological view of human different. Swinburne thinks that human beings ultimately choose to heaven or hell, Hiker argues that all human beings can eventually enter heaven, and the only way to God's love match.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京第二外國語學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：B978


本文編號：1371335