明成祖朱棣民族關(guān)系思想探析
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-17 08:44
【摘要】：明朝是中國漫長歷史發(fā)展中由漢族建立的最后一個(gè)大一統(tǒng)封建王朝。明成祖朱棣期間，面對(duì)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的民族關(guān)系，其處理民族關(guān)系的方式也是多種多樣的，因此明成祖的民族關(guān)系思想也是非常豐富的。他的民族關(guān)系思想對(duì)整個(gè)明朝處理民族關(guān)系產(chǎn)生了重要影響，同時(shí)其民族關(guān)系思想也是吸收了以前王朝和中華文化的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)�？偟膩碚f，明成祖的民族關(guān)系思想概括起來有以下三點(diǎn)：一、“華夷一家”和“控四夷制天下”的思想�！叭A”即是以中原漢族自稱自己為“華”，而“夷”，起初指的是東方之人，后來引申為除了漢族以外的少數(shù)民族統(tǒng)稱。明成祖認(rèn)為漢族跟其他民族只要是在大明王朝統(tǒng)治范圍下，都是一家人�！翱厮囊闹铺煜隆边@個(gè)民族大家庭的家長就是明成祖，四夷必須聽從中央政權(quán)的調(diào)度，對(duì)于統(tǒng)治范圍之外的民族則是要求他們稱臣納貢，形成特殊的藩屬體系。在處理建州女真，歸附明朝的蒙古族，以及藏族地區(qū)，明成祖都是采取這種民族關(guān)系思想。二、“北伐—南征”的思想�？v觀朱明王朝，首先它的建立就是推翻了北方少數(shù)民族蒙古族的蒙元政權(quán)，朱元璋派徐達(dá)（1332-1385年）北伐奪取大都，使得蒙古族北退漠北，但是還是對(duì)明朝的統(tǒng)治構(gòu)成實(shí)際性的威脅，朱棣在洪武三年(1370年)封燕王，洪武十三年（1380年），“之藩北平”，多次參加對(duì)北方的戰(zhàn)事，深知北元政權(quán)對(duì)大明王朝的危害，為了保持對(duì)少數(shù)民族的威懾，使之不敢輕易進(jìn)犯，即位之后，便著手遷都北平，實(shí)行“北伐—南征”民族關(guān)系思想，“南征”是為了教訓(xùn)安南欺騙明王朝，保護(hù)其藩屬國利益，維持明王朝對(duì)四夷的威懾安南直接納入了直接統(tǒng)治范圍�！氨狈ァ奔词沁M(jìn)行五次北征，對(duì)北方蒙古族政權(quán)進(jìn)行軍事打擊。為了保證“北伐—南征”的順利，還改革軍事上、經(jīng)濟(jì)上的制度來貫徹這一思想。三、“恩威并施，以夷制夷”的思想。恩威并施，以夷制夷的思想，，被歷代封建統(tǒng)治者所采取，明成祖也不例外，來達(dá)到分化少數(shù)民族、維護(hù)明王朝統(tǒng)治的目的。明成祖在北伐漠北的時(shí)候就是成功利用少數(shù)民族部落之間的世仇跟利益沖突，使瓦剌和韃靼兩部長期牽制，增加蒙古族內(nèi)部的消耗，達(dá)到防止蒙古族部落聯(lián)合威脅明朝統(tǒng)治。在西南少數(shù)民族地區(qū)，藏族由于信仰宗教，宗教領(lǐng)袖有著重要作用，繼續(xù)繼承明太祖朱元璋的“多封眾建”政策，利用宗教上層力量對(duì)藏區(qū)進(jìn)行有效管理。明成祖朱棣還采取繼承和完善土司制度，取得很好的效果，鞏固明王朝對(duì)西南地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治。 明成祖的民族關(guān)系思想總的來說對(duì)于維護(hù)整個(gè)明朝的統(tǒng)治是有重大意義的，不僅有著承上啟下的作用，而且他制定的一系列民族政策對(duì)明朝后期的統(tǒng)治者以及滿清政權(quán)都有著重要的影響。
[Abstract]:The Ming Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the long history of China. During the period of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, in the face of complicated national relations, there were various ways to deal with them, so Ming Chengzu's thoughts on ethnic relations were also very rich. His thought on ethnic relations had an important influence on the handling of ethnic relations in the whole Ming Dynasty, and at the same time, his thought on ethnic relations also absorbed the experience and lessons of the previous dynasties and Chinese culture. Generally speaking, the thought of ethnic relations of Ming Chengzu can be summarized as follows: first, the thought of "Huayi one family" and "controlling the four barbarians in the world". "Hua" refers to the Han nationality claiming to be "Hua" in the Central Plains, while "Yi", originally referring to the people of the East, was later extended to the ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality. Ming Chengzu believed that the Han and other nationalities were family as long as they were under the rule of the Daming dynasty. The parents of the national family of "controlling the four barbarians" are the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty. Siyi must obey the control of the central regime, and for the nationalities outside the scope of the rule, they are required to bow to tributary and form a special vassal system. In dealing with the Nu Zhen of Jianzhou, the Mongols attached to the Ming Dynasty, and the Tibetan region, the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty adopted this idea of national relations. Second, the thought of "Northern Expedition to the South". Throughout the Zhu Ming dynasty, the first thing it established was the overthrow of the Mongol regime of the northern minority nationalities, and Xu Da (1332-1385) of the Zhu Yuanzhang faction seized most of the Northern Expedition, making the Mongols retreat north to the north of the desert. However, it is still a practical threat to the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di, in three years of Hongwu (1370), Wang Yan, Hongwu 13 years (1380), "Fan Peiping", participated in many wars against the north, and fully understood the harm of the Northern Yuan regime to the Daming Dynasty. In order to maintain a deterrent to the minority nationalities so that they did not dare to attack easily, they set about moving their capital, Peiping, to implement the idea of "Northern Expedition to the South", which was designed to teach Annan to deceive the Ming Dynasty and protect the interests of his subordinate states. Maintaining the Ming Dynasty's deterrent to the four Yi Annan directly into the scope of direct rule. The Northern Expedition was five northern expeditions to strike the northern Mongol regime. In order to ensure the "Northern Expedition to the South" smooth, but also to reform the military, economic system to carry out this idea. Third, the idea of "giving kindness together to eliminate the barbarians". The idea of unraveling the Yi was adopted by the feudal rulers of the past dynasties, and the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty were no exception, to achieve the purpose of dividing the minority nationalities and maintaining the rule of the Ming Dynasty. During the Northern Expedition, Ming Chengzu succeeded in using the feuds and conflicts of interest between the ethnic tribes, so that the Vala and Tatarstan were kept under control for a long time, thus increasing the consumption within the Mongols, thus preventing the Mongolian tribes from jointly threatening the Ming Dynasty rule. In the minority areas of southwest China, Tibetan religious leaders play an important role because of their belief in religion. They continue to carry on the policy of "multi-party building" proposed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and make use of the upper religious forces to effectively manage the Tibetan areas. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, also adopted the Tusi system and achieved good results in consolidating the rule of the Ming Dynasty over the southwest. In general, the thought of national relations of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty is of great significance to the maintenance of the rule of the whole Ming Dynasty, and not only has the function of connecting the preceding and the following. And a series of national policies made by him had an important influence on the rulers of the late Ming Dynasty and the Manchu regime.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：煙臺(tái)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K248;D691.72
本文編號(hào)：2245333
[Abstract]:The Ming Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the long history of China. During the period of Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, in the face of complicated national relations, there were various ways to deal with them, so Ming Chengzu's thoughts on ethnic relations were also very rich. His thought on ethnic relations had an important influence on the handling of ethnic relations in the whole Ming Dynasty, and at the same time, his thought on ethnic relations also absorbed the experience and lessons of the previous dynasties and Chinese culture. Generally speaking, the thought of ethnic relations of Ming Chengzu can be summarized as follows: first, the thought of "Huayi one family" and "controlling the four barbarians in the world". "Hua" refers to the Han nationality claiming to be "Hua" in the Central Plains, while "Yi", originally referring to the people of the East, was later extended to the ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality. Ming Chengzu believed that the Han and other nationalities were family as long as they were under the rule of the Daming dynasty. The parents of the national family of "controlling the four barbarians" are the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty. Siyi must obey the control of the central regime, and for the nationalities outside the scope of the rule, they are required to bow to tributary and form a special vassal system. In dealing with the Nu Zhen of Jianzhou, the Mongols attached to the Ming Dynasty, and the Tibetan region, the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty adopted this idea of national relations. Second, the thought of "Northern Expedition to the South". Throughout the Zhu Ming dynasty, the first thing it established was the overthrow of the Mongol regime of the northern minority nationalities, and Xu Da (1332-1385) of the Zhu Yuanzhang faction seized most of the Northern Expedition, making the Mongols retreat north to the north of the desert. However, it is still a practical threat to the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Di, in three years of Hongwu (1370), Wang Yan, Hongwu 13 years (1380), "Fan Peiping", participated in many wars against the north, and fully understood the harm of the Northern Yuan regime to the Daming Dynasty. In order to maintain a deterrent to the minority nationalities so that they did not dare to attack easily, they set about moving their capital, Peiping, to implement the idea of "Northern Expedition to the South", which was designed to teach Annan to deceive the Ming Dynasty and protect the interests of his subordinate states. Maintaining the Ming Dynasty's deterrent to the four Yi Annan directly into the scope of direct rule. The Northern Expedition was five northern expeditions to strike the northern Mongol regime. In order to ensure the "Northern Expedition to the South" smooth, but also to reform the military, economic system to carry out this idea. Third, the idea of "giving kindness together to eliminate the barbarians". The idea of unraveling the Yi was adopted by the feudal rulers of the past dynasties, and the ancestors of the Ming Dynasty were no exception, to achieve the purpose of dividing the minority nationalities and maintaining the rule of the Ming Dynasty. During the Northern Expedition, Ming Chengzu succeeded in using the feuds and conflicts of interest between the ethnic tribes, so that the Vala and Tatarstan were kept under control for a long time, thus increasing the consumption within the Mongols, thus preventing the Mongolian tribes from jointly threatening the Ming Dynasty rule. In the minority areas of southwest China, Tibetan religious leaders play an important role because of their belief in religion. They continue to carry on the policy of "multi-party building" proposed by Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and make use of the upper religious forces to effectively manage the Tibetan areas. Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, also adopted the Tusi system and achieved good results in consolidating the rule of the Ming Dynasty over the southwest. In general, the thought of national relations of Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty is of great significance to the maintenance of the rule of the whole Ming Dynasty, and not only has the function of connecting the preceding and the following. And a series of national policies made by him had an important influence on the rulers of the late Ming Dynasty and the Manchu regime.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：煙臺(tái)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K248;D691.72
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