明清海戶研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-02 08:51
【摘要】：明清時(shí)期的賤民問題是明清社會(huì)史研究的一個(gè)重要課題。由于賤民身份低微,史料記載少,故學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)其研究較少,而對(duì)于賤民階層中的小種戶民的研究則更少。本文將在盡可能多地搜集史料的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合前人的研究成果,對(duì)海戶的來源、管理和工作方面進(jìn)行論述,以幫助我們對(duì)明清時(shí)期賤民中的小種戶民有所了解,使我們更加清楚的了解明清社會(huì)。 本文正文共分六個(gè)部分： (一)南苑。南苑地處古永定河道,在永定門外南二十里,元代被稱為“下馬飛放泊”,意為離京城很近的意思。南苑在遼代是就是皇家的游獵場(chǎng)所,金朝就開始在此營建宮殿。明成祖時(shí)把苑內(nèi)的居民趕走,筑起圍墻,建成了皇家苑囿。南苑在明清時(shí)期是皇帝游獵、訓(xùn)練軍隊(duì)的重要場(chǎng)所。 (二)海戶的來源。在明代前期南苑的服役人員主要收錄的民戶。到明中期隨著社會(huì)上自宮人數(shù)的不斷增多,明政府為了穩(wěn)定社會(huì)秩序,不得已大規(guī)模的收錄太監(jiān)到南苑服役。明中期以后大量的貴族、勛戚、宦官大規(guī)模地圈占土地建立莊園,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民的負(fù)擔(dān)越來越重,不法之民往往投充勢(shì)家、莊頭家人名目或者匿入海戶、陵戶、勇士、校尉等籍逃避徭役,特別是順天府的人投充海戶較多。 (三)海戶的管理。在明代南海子既不屬于戶部管也不屬于兵部管,而是由上林苑管轄,到清代則由內(nèi)務(wù)府管理。主要介紹了管理海戶的官員設(shè)置情況,海戶的口糧地、海戶享有的特權(quán)、賞賜情況、犯法時(shí)的處罰情況。 (四)海戶的工作。從明代開始南苑不僅僅是皇帝打獵、訓(xùn)練軍隊(duì)的場(chǎng)所,還成為重要的物資生產(chǎn)基地。在清代南苑還成為統(tǒng)治者處理少數(shù)民族事務(wù)的重要場(chǎng)所。清代皇帝經(jīng)常外出巡幸,南苑便成為皇帝臨時(shí)駐蹕之所。 (五)海戶的生存狀態(tài)。盡管海戶享有各項(xiàng)優(yōu)惠政策,享受到國家的補(bǔ)助、皇帝的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),擁有較多的土地,但是他們生活卻比較窘迫。海戶不但生活窘迫,政治地位也很低下。 (六)總結(jié)。海戶并不是一個(gè)單純的戶種,而是一系列戶種的合稱,既有屬于民戶的栽戶和養(yǎng)戶,又有屬于賤民的隸卒,更有為世人所不齒的太監(jiān),不符合明清時(shí)期以職業(yè)劃分戶種的要求。他們的職業(yè)都是世襲的,非經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)不允許更改,這是多方面的原因造成的。海戶的發(fā)展總的來說是朝著不斷解放的方向發(fā)展的。
[Abstract]:The problem of untouchability in Ming and Qing dynasties is an important subject in the study of social history of Ming and Qing dynasties. Because of the low status of untouchable people and the lack of historical records, there is less research on Dalit in academic circles, and even less on the small kind of household people in Dalit class. On the basis of collecting as much historical data as possible and combining with the previous research results, this paper will discuss the origin, management and work of Haihu, in order to help us understand the small family among the untouchables in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Make us understand the Ming and Qing society more clearly. The text of this paper is divided into six parts: (1) Nanyuan. Nanyuan is located in the ancient Yongding River Road, twenty miles south of Yongding Gate, Yuan Dynasty is known as "dismount flying park," meaning to be very close to the capital. Nanyuan in Liao Dynasty is the royal hunting place, the Jin Dynasty began to build palaces here. In Ming Dynasty, the residents of the court were driven away, and the imperial court was built up with a wall. Nanyuan was an important place for emperors to hunt and train their troops during the Ming and Qing dynasties. (II) sources of Haihu. In the early Ming Dynasty Nanyuan service personnel mainly included in the household. By the middle of Ming Dynasty, with the increase of the number of people from the palace, the Ming government, in order to stabilize the social order, had to include eunuch to serve in Nanyuan on a large scale. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of nobles, honours, and eunuchs occupied the land on a large scale to build manors, which led to a heavier and heavier burden on the peasants. School Ensign and so on to escape corvee, especially Shun Tianfu people cast sea door more. (3) the management of sea households. In the Ming Dynasty, Nanhai Zi did not belong to the management of the Ministry of Housing or the Department of Arms, but was governed by Shanglin Court, which was managed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly introduces the setting up of the officials in charge of the Haihu, the ration land of the Haihu, the privileges enjoyed by the Haihu, the situation of reward, and the punishment in case of breaking the law. (4) the work of Haihu. From the Ming Dynasty, Nanyuan was not only a place for emperors to hunt and train the army, but also an important material production base. In the Qing Dynasty, Nanyuan also became an important place for rulers to handle the affairs of ethnic minorities. When the emperor of the Qing Dynasty often went on a tour, Nanyuan became the temporary residence of the emperor. (5) the living condition of Haihu. Although Haihu enjoys preferential policies, state subsidies, emperors' rewards, and has more land, they live in poverty. Haihu not only lives in poverty, but also political status is very low. (VI) Summary. Haihu is not a simple household species, but a series of household species, not only belong to the household planting and raising households, but also belong to the untouchable official soldiers, but also for the world's eunuchs, not in line with the Ming and Qing dynasties by occupation to divide household species requirements. Their occupations are hereditary and are not allowed to change without approval, for a variety of reasons. Haihu's development is generally in the direction of continuous liberation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K248
本文編號(hào)：2158889
[Abstract]:The problem of untouchability in Ming and Qing dynasties is an important subject in the study of social history of Ming and Qing dynasties. Because of the low status of untouchable people and the lack of historical records, there is less research on Dalit in academic circles, and even less on the small kind of household people in Dalit class. On the basis of collecting as much historical data as possible and combining with the previous research results, this paper will discuss the origin, management and work of Haihu, in order to help us understand the small family among the untouchables in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Make us understand the Ming and Qing society more clearly. The text of this paper is divided into six parts: (1) Nanyuan. Nanyuan is located in the ancient Yongding River Road, twenty miles south of Yongding Gate, Yuan Dynasty is known as "dismount flying park," meaning to be very close to the capital. Nanyuan in Liao Dynasty is the royal hunting place, the Jin Dynasty began to build palaces here. In Ming Dynasty, the residents of the court were driven away, and the imperial court was built up with a wall. Nanyuan was an important place for emperors to hunt and train their troops during the Ming and Qing dynasties. (II) sources of Haihu. In the early Ming Dynasty Nanyuan service personnel mainly included in the household. By the middle of Ming Dynasty, with the increase of the number of people from the palace, the Ming government, in order to stabilize the social order, had to include eunuch to serve in Nanyuan on a large scale. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of nobles, honours, and eunuchs occupied the land on a large scale to build manors, which led to a heavier and heavier burden on the peasants. School Ensign and so on to escape corvee, especially Shun Tianfu people cast sea door more. (3) the management of sea households. In the Ming Dynasty, Nanhai Zi did not belong to the management of the Ministry of Housing or the Department of Arms, but was governed by Shanglin Court, which was managed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the Qing Dynasty. This paper mainly introduces the setting up of the officials in charge of the Haihu, the ration land of the Haihu, the privileges enjoyed by the Haihu, the situation of reward, and the punishment in case of breaking the law. (4) the work of Haihu. From the Ming Dynasty, Nanyuan was not only a place for emperors to hunt and train the army, but also an important material production base. In the Qing Dynasty, Nanyuan also became an important place for rulers to handle the affairs of ethnic minorities. When the emperor of the Qing Dynasty often went on a tour, Nanyuan became the temporary residence of the emperor. (5) the living condition of Haihu. Although Haihu enjoys preferential policies, state subsidies, emperors' rewards, and has more land, they live in poverty. Haihu not only lives in poverty, but also political status is very low. (VI) Summary. Haihu is not a simple household species, but a series of household species, not only belong to the household planting and raising households, but also belong to the untouchable official soldiers, but also for the world's eunuchs, not in line with the Ming and Qing dynasties by occupation to divide household species requirements. Their occupations are hereditary and are not allowed to change without approval, for a variety of reasons. Haihu's development is generally in the direction of continuous liberation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：安徽大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：K248
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