本文選題：唐代 + 西州�。� 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：公元640年唐朝平定麴氏高昌王國、建立西州,不僅發(fā)出了唐朝銳意經(jīng)營西域的信號,而且標(biāo)志著吐魯番地區(qū)從此進(jìn)入一個新的歷史時期。此后,唐前期政治穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮、民族融合、文化多樣、疆域遼闊,均與之存在密切關(guān)系。但是,與利用吐魯番文書研究唐朝各項國家制度相比,學(xué)界對西州基層社會的構(gòu)建尚顯薄弱,缺乏對西州社會秩序狀態(tài)的整體認(rèn)識。 論文在前輩學(xué)者研究成果基礎(chǔ)上,充分運用傳世文獻(xiàn)、吐魯番出土文書、磚志等相關(guān)資料,嘗試將區(qū)域社會史理論引入西州基層社會構(gòu)建中,以互動視角作為觀察和理解西州社會秩序的一把“鑰匙”,由點及面,希冀能夠突破先前相對靜態(tài)的專題式模式,為西州社會史及吐魯番學(xué)提供新思路和新范式。 論文以先前學(xué)界較為忽視的社會群體作為切入點,選取新興平民、女性及僧尼三個代表性的“點”進(jìn)行檢討。這些群體本身不同程度地體現(xiàn)了西州所處的時代和地域特質(zhì)。新興平民群體的崛起不僅得益于麴氏高昌國門閥社會的崩壞,而且與當(dāng)?shù)亟z綢之路中轉(zhuǎn)站的地理優(yōu)勢息息相關(guān)；同時,唐朝在西域進(jìn)行的諸多戰(zhàn)事在宏觀上破壞了西州的社會秩序,微觀上則直接影響到西州女性群體的婚姻家庭生活：此外,為維護(hù)社會穩(wěn)定,唐朝采取一系列措施加強對西州佛教事務(wù)的管理,導(dǎo)致西州僧尼參與社會經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的規(guī)模與程度有所收縮。以上我們對社會群體諸多特征的揭示,不僅填補了西州群體研究的重要一環(huán),而且為進(jìn)一步審視與深入觀察西州社會秩序提供了不可或缺的研究路徑。 群體研究的最終目標(biāo)在于實現(xiàn)群體與社會的雙向關(guān)照。西州社會內(nèi)部各群體之間存在復(fù)雜、多元的互動關(guān)系。在官民互動中,地方官府一般借助基層行政人員完成對鄉(xiāng)里住民的管理,民間百姓則主要通過正式的制度表達(dá)、依靠個人力量,與官方進(jìn)行對話。同時,唐朝政府希冀利用鄰保制實現(xiàn)對西州社會的控制,但效果并不理想。與之相對,因格式固定化及具有相對法律約束力,契約成為西州百姓保持良性互動與交往的有效媒介之一,具有廣泛的滲透力。在筆者看來,唐代西州無疑屬于一個多元化的地方社會,人們因各種原因結(jié)成相互交織的社會關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò),相互制約、協(xié)作,從而建立了良好的共生、互動關(guān)系,形成了相對有序的秩序狀態(tài)。 當(dāng)然,一個有序、良性發(fā)展的社會并不意味著沒有紛爭,西州社會內(nèi)部同樣存在著諸多爭端、糾紛,涉及鄉(xiāng)里住民日常生產(chǎn)生活的方方面面,尤其是隨著有限地域空間內(nèi)人口的不斷增長,土地資源日益成為人們爭奪的首要對象,反映了這一時期社會的主要矛盾。面對大量存在的法律訴求,民眾、官府甚至當(dāng)時的冥界觀念等均以不同形式對糾紛予以化解�？傊�,多元化的解紛手段和完善的解紛機(jī)制不僅使大量爭訟消弭于無形,而且使西州基層社會始終維持著有序狀態(tài)與正常運轉(zhuǎn)。
[Abstract]:In 640 AD, the Tang Dynasty calmed down the Gaochang Kingdom of yeast and established the Western State, which not only sent the signal that the Tang Dynasty was determined to run the Western region, but also marked a new historical period in Turpan. Since then, political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic integration, cultural diversity and vast territory in the early Tang Dynasty were closely related to its existence. However, compared with the use of Turpan documents to study the various national systems of the Tang Dynasty, the construction of the grass-roots society in Xizhou is still weak in academic circles, and the overall understanding of the state of social order in the Western States is lacking. On the basis of the previous scholars' research results, the paper makes full use of the relevant materials such as handed down documents, unearthed documents, brick records, etc., and attempts to introduce the theory of regional social history into the construction of the grass-roots society in the western state. Taking the interactive perspective as a "key" to observe and understand the social order in West China, the author hopes to break through the previous relatively static thematic model and provide new ideas and paradigms for the social history of Western States and Turpan's study. Based on the social groups neglected in previous academic circles, this paper selects three representative "points" of emerging civilians, women and monks and nuns. These groups themselves reflect in varying degrees the time and geographical characteristics of the state. The rise of the new civilian population was not only due to the disintegration of the Gaochang gate society, but also to the geographical advantages of the local Silk Road transit station; at the same time, Many wars in the Western region of the Tang Dynasty destroyed the social order in the western region macroscopically, and directly affected the marriage and family life of the female group in the western region. In addition, in order to maintain social stability, During the Tang Dynasty, a series of measures were taken to strengthen the management of Buddhist affairs in Xizhou, which resulted in the reduction of the scale and extent of the participation of monks and nuns in social and economic activities. The above revelations of many characteristics of social groups not only fill an important part in the study of western state groups, but also provide an indispensable research path for further examining and deeply observing the social order in western states. The ultimate goal of group research is to realize the bidirectional care between group and society. There are complex and pluralistic interactions among various groups in the western state society. In the interaction between the officials and the people, the local government usually uses the basic administrative staff to complete the management of the inhabitants of the village, while the folk mainly express through the formal system, rely on the individual strength, and carry on the dialogue with the official. At the same time, the Tang government hoped to use neighboring protection system to control the western state society, but the effect was not satisfactory. On the other hand, because of its fixed format and relative legal binding force, the contract has become one of the effective media for the people of western states to maintain benign interaction and communication, and it has extensive penetration power. From the author's point of view, the western state of Tang Dynasty undoubtedly belongs to a pluralistic local society. For various reasons, people form a network of interwoven social relations, restrict and cooperate with each other, thus establishing a good symbiotic and interactive relationship. A relatively orderly state of order was formed. Of course, an orderly and well-developed society does not mean that there are no disputes. There are also many disputes, disputes within Western state society, involving all aspects of the daily production and life of rural residents. Especially with the continuous growth of population in the limited regional space, land resources are increasingly becoming the primary object of people's contention, which reflects the main contradiction of the society in this period. In the face of a large number of legal demands, the people, the government and even the idea of the underworld at that time have resolved the dispute in different forms. In a word, the diversified means of resolving disputes and the perfect mechanism of resolving disputes not only make a great deal of disputes disappear in invisible form, but also make the grass-roots society of Western States always maintain an orderly state and normal operation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K242;D691.9

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本文編號：1908371