本文選題：宗族制度 + 典當(dāng)業(yè)��； 參考：《浙江財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：徽州典當(dāng)業(yè)在明清時(shí)期的繁榮使得一人數(shù)典、數(shù)業(yè)并營成為普遍現(xiàn)象,這就使得其內(nèi)部的委托代理關(guān)系的出現(xiàn)成為必然。而這種委托代理關(guān)系的維持是需要一定的外部條件作為約束的。然而在明清時(shí)期,法律制度并不健全,那么在這樣的制度環(huán)境下,徽典內(nèi)部的這種委托代理關(guān)系是如何運(yùn)行并在其發(fā)展過程中發(fā)揮重要作用的?即徽典內(nèi)部的這種委托代理關(guān)系有怎樣的維持機(jī)制?本著對(duì)上述問題的探討,作者通過閱讀大量史料以及相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)得出結(jié)論:宗族制度彌補(bǔ)了法律制度不足的缺陷,發(fā)揮了維持這種委托代理關(guān)系的作用。并通過博弈模型證明了上述結(jié)論。 典當(dāng)業(yè)的發(fā)展歷史由來已久,自東漢始,隨著朝代的更迭,典當(dāng)業(yè)的發(fā)展雖經(jīng)歷沉浮,其繁榮向上的趨勢(shì)卻是明顯的,在明清時(shí)期,達(dá)到空前之勢(shì),尤以徽州典當(dāng)業(yè)為其中的佼佼者�；盏湓诿髑鍟r(shí)期空前繁榮的原因是多方面的,除了當(dāng)時(shí)特定的社會(huì)歷史環(huán)境強(qiáng)化了白銀的作用,奠定了典當(dāng)業(yè)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ),以及政府本身對(duì)典當(dāng)業(yè)的支持政策等客觀因素的作用外,徽商自身的主觀方面的原因更是不容忽視�；罩萏囟ǖ淖匀坏乩憝h(huán)境因素造就了其特殊的新安文化,而這一特定的文化背景則是徽商立足于當(dāng)時(shí)商界的根本,其不僅凝聚了徽商群體的綜合實(shí)力,使得他們能夠互相幫助共同繁榮,還規(guī)范了其在經(jīng)營活動(dòng)中的行為,給予了徽商共同的道德準(zhǔn)則規(guī)范,使誠信的觀念根植于心,節(jié)約了徽商經(jīng)營活動(dòng)的交易成本,促進(jìn)了其長遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展。 徽州人經(jīng)營典當(dāng)業(yè)大多是數(shù)業(yè)并營,典當(dāng)業(yè)作為次生性行業(yè)一般是在原生性行業(yè)獲利的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的,而隨著典當(dāng)業(yè)經(jīng)營規(guī)模的擴(kuò)大,一人數(shù)典的狀況也日趨明顯,于是典當(dāng)業(yè)內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)委托代理關(guān)系則成為其發(fā)展的必然之勢(shì)。明清時(shí)期典當(dāng)業(yè)內(nèi)部業(yè)已形成等級(jí)制度森嚴(yán)的經(jīng)營管理體系。雖然各地的職務(wù)稱謂各有不同,總體而言,典當(dāng)業(yè)內(nèi)部人員除財(cái)東外,一般分為五個(gè)部分,四個(gè)等級(jí)層次,依次是經(jīng)理,稱為“外席”,“外缺”和“內(nèi)缺”,“中缺”以及學(xué)徒。各部分之間各司其職,相互合作,成就了徽典的百年神話。 朝代更迭,戰(zhàn)亂給偏遠(yuǎn)的徽州地區(qū)帶去了大批的移民,同時(shí)也帶去了中原地區(qū)正統(tǒng)的士族文化,而群山環(huán)繞的徽州又給了這一文化延續(xù)發(fā)展的生命力,徽州人將其制度化,使之成為自身生活行為的規(guī)范,形成了具有其自身特色的宗族制度�；丈谭Q雄當(dāng)時(shí)商界很大程度上得益于這一制度,其對(duì)于徽典的發(fā)展所起的作用自是不言而喻的�；罩莸洚�(dāng)行業(yè)內(nèi)部新生的委托代理關(guān)系的形成與維持同樣離不開這一制度。宗族制度節(jié)約了這一委托代理關(guān)系的交易成本,加重了對(duì)于違約行為的懲罰,從而起到了穩(wěn)固這一關(guān)系的作用。運(yùn)用新制度經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的理論分析,我們可以看出,宗族制度給予了徽州典當(dāng)業(yè)這一群體統(tǒng)一的信念和規(guī)范、規(guī)則,同時(shí)還建立了一個(gè)多邊的集體主義的懲罰機(jī)制以及維持保證這種機(jī)制發(fā)揮作用的組織機(jī)構(gòu),如祠堂族譜等。祠堂族譜這些徽州人傳承的歷史特色在徽州宗族群體內(nèi)部強(qiáng)悍的約束力絲毫不輸于當(dāng)時(shí)的法律制度。而這些組織的存在就保證了宗族內(nèi)部懲罰機(jī)制的威信力。于是,即使在理性人假設(shè)的條件下,違約成本的增加以及相對(duì)完善的懲罰機(jī)制的存在也能保證具有機(jī)會(huì)主義傾向的徽典內(nèi)部人員做出守約的選擇。 博弈論模型對(duì)于成本收益的分析更為直觀,利用簡單的博弈模型將徽州典當(dāng)業(yè)內(nèi)部委托代理雙方的成本和收益加以分析,可以得出在沒有宗族制度作為外在約束的條件下,具有機(jī)會(huì)主義傾向的理性人不會(huì)做出守約的選擇,而加入了宗族制度這一外部因素后,對(duì)新的博弈模型的分析,我們可以得到守約的均衡解。隨之通過進(jìn)一步放寬條件,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn),宗族制度本身的懲罰機(jī)制越強(qiáng),其在維持維持這種委托代理關(guān)系方面所起的作用也越強(qiáng)。而在徽州社會(huì),宗族制度的特殊的地位,使得其具有充分的威信力,能夠大大提升違約成本,維持徽典內(nèi)部的委托代理關(guān)系的有效運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
[Abstract]:The prosperity of Huizhou pawnbroking industry in the Ming and Qing Dynasties makes a number of codes, numbers and battalions a universal phenomenon, which makes the emergence of its internal agency relationship inevitable. And the maintenance of this kind of principal-agent relationship needs certain external conditions as constraints. However, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the legal system was not sound, so in this way In the system environment, how does this principal-agent relationship within the emblem run and play an important role in the process of its development? That is, what is the mechanism of this principal-agent relationship within the emblem? Based on the discussion of the above problems, the author draws a conclusion by reading a large number of historical materials and related documents: the clan system has made up for it. The defects of the legal system play a role in maintaining this principal-agent relationship, and prove the above conclusion by game model.
The history of the pawnbroking industry has a long history, since the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the change of the dynasty, although the development of the pawnbroking industry has gone through the ups and downs, the trend of its prosperity is obvious. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Huizhou pawnbroking industry was the outstanding one, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The definite social and historical environment has strengthened the role of silver, laid the foundation for the development of the pawnbroking industry, and the role of the government itself to support the pawnbroking industry. The subjective reasons of the Huizhou merchants can not be ignored. The specific natural geographical environment of Huizhou has made its special Xin'an culture, and this particular kind of culture is specific. The cultural background is the base of Huizhou merchants based on the business circles at that time. It not only condenses the comprehensive strength of the Huizhou Merchants Group, but also enables them to help each other in the common prosperity. It also regulates the behavior of the Huizhou merchants in the business activities, gives the common moral norms of the Huizhou merchants, causes the idea of honesty to be rooted in the heart and saves the business activities of the Huizhou merchants. It is easy to cost and promote its long-term development.
The pawnbroking industry in Huizhou is mostly a number of industries and battalions. As a secondary industry, Pawnbroking is generally developed on the basis of the profit of the primary industry. With the expansion of the business scale of the pawnbroking industry, the situation of a number of people is becoming more and more obvious, so the agency relationship in the pawnbroking industry is the inevitable trend of its development. In the period of the period, the internal business of pawnbroking has formed a strict management system of hierarchical system. Although the titles of job titles in various places are different, in general, the people in the pawnbroking industry generally divide into five parts, four levels, in turn, the managers, called "outside seats", "outside" and "lack", "lack" and apprenticeship. Each division has its own duties and cooperation.
After the change of the dynasty, the war brought a large number of immigrants to the remote Huizhou area, and also took the orthodox culture of the Central Plains region, and the Huizhou surrounded by the Mountains gave the vitality of the continuation of the culture. The Huizhou people institutionalized it, made it a standard of their own life and behavior, and formed a clan system with its own characteristics. The role of Huizhou merchants in the business world at that time greatly benefited from this system, and it played a self-evident role in the development of the emblem. The formation and maintenance of the new entrustment and agency relationship within the Huizhou pawnbroker industry can not be separated from the system. The clan system has saved the transaction cost of the agency relationship and aggravated the system. The punishment of breach of contract has played a role in stabilizing this relationship. By the theoretical analysis of the new institutional economics, we can see that the clan system has given the unity of the Huizhou pawnbroking to the belief and norms of the group, the rules, and the establishment of a multilateral collectivist punishment mechanism and the maintenance of the mechanism. The organizational structure, such as the ancestral clan genealogy, such as the ancestral clan genealogy. The historic features of the ancestral shrine genealogy, such as the ancestral clan genealogy, are not lost to the legal system of the Huizhou clan group at the time. The existence of these organizations guarantees the prestige of the internal punishment mechanism of the clan. The increase of cost and the relatively perfect punishment mechanism can also ensure that the insiders of opportunism tend to make the choice of keeping promise.
The game theory model is more intuitionistic to the analysis of cost and benefit. Using a simple game model to analyze the cost and income of the internal principal-agent in Huizhou pawnbroking industry, it can be concluded that under the conditions of no clan system as external constraints, the opportunist tendencies will not make the choice of abiding by the opportunist tendencies and join the suzerain. After the external factors of the family system, we can get a balanced solution to the new game model. With the further relaxation of the conditions, we can find that the stronger the punishment mechanism of the clan system itself, the stronger the role it plays in maintaining this principal-agent relationship. In Huizhou society, the patriarchal clan system. Special status makes it full of prestige, which can greatly enhance the cost of breach of contract and maintain the effective operation of the principal-agent relationship within the Huizhou.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K248

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