發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-04-27 18:00

  本文選題：清代 + 生息銀兩��； 參考：《山西大學(xué)》2011年碩士論文

【摘要】：清代生息制度最早出現(xiàn)在何時(shí)暫難考證,據(jù)光緒《大清會(huì)典》卷1213,《內(nèi)務(wù)府·恩賞銀兩》這一詞條在雍正七年才正式進(jìn)入典籍,而在清實(shí)錄中關(guān)于生息銀兩的記錄從雍正元年丌始,雍正以前的生息制度,已有學(xué)者基于其他史料中作出了一定的研究,早在康熙十年,這一制度便丌始了草創(chuàng)和試行,由內(nèi)務(wù)府撥出一定帑銀借給商人經(jīng)營特定的貿(mào)易,如鹽銅,盈虧自負(fù),但必須承擔(dān)定期定額交納利息的義務(wù)。①到雍正時(shí)期,生息制度則逐漸演化為一種恩賞兵丁的基金,主要由內(nèi)務(wù)府撥出本銀,交與八旗上層軍官令其丌設(shè)當(dāng)鋪等營生經(jīng)營本金產(chǎn)生利息來解決八旗官兵紅白恩賞的費(fèi)用。乾隆時(shí)期基本沿襲了雍正生息銀的用途,并在此基礎(chǔ)上擴(kuò)大了受益范圍,不再局限于八旗官兵,綠營軍,漢軍也得到相應(yīng)的恩賞。但在執(zhí)行的過程中出現(xiàn)了很多難以解決的流弊,故而在乾隆二十一年正式提出叫停生息制度,但因?yàn)樵撝贫饶甏眠h(yuǎn)牽扯面廣,一直到三十六年才基本停止。但之后的清實(shí)錄中關(guān)于生息銀的記錄仍然不絕于耳。嘉慶在乃翁的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大了生息銀的用途,如衙門公用,兵丁出行費(fèi)用等行政支出。同時(shí),商人承領(lǐng)本銀后不能按時(shí)足量歸還利息也被提到日程上來。時(shí)過境遷,道光朝中大量的息銀是解決軍裝,津貼及軍事演習(xí)和緝捕經(jīng)費(fèi)的。咸豐時(shí)期,息銀的積欠問題已經(jīng)相當(dāng)棘手,其中問題最嚴(yán)重的是兩淮、山東和長蘆的鹽商。同治朝關(guān)于息銀不能按時(shí)足數(shù)上繳的記錄更是比比皆是。到光緒朝問題依舊沒有得到解決,但生息方式出現(xiàn)了新的選擇,那就是新式銀行。以下,筆者將從本金的數(shù)量,息銀的用途,生息方式,時(shí)限,還款方式等角度分析清代生息制度。
[Abstract]:The birth and interest system of Qing Dynasty first appeared at a time when it was difficult to verify. According to Guang Xu, Book 1213 of the Qing Dynasty, and the entry of "House government, bounty of silver", it was only in the seventh year of Yongzheng that the term formally entered the classics. However, since the beginning of the first year of Yongzheng, some scholars have made some research on the system of "living interest" on the basis of other historical materials in the actual records of the Qing Dynasty. As early as ten years after Kangxi, this system began to be initiated and tried out. A certain amount of money was lent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to merchants to run certain trade, such as salt and copper, at their own expense, but they had to bear the obligation to pay interest at regular intervals. By the time of Yongzheng, the interest-bearing system had gradually evolved into a kind of bounty fund. Mainly allocated by the House of the Bank, with the eight flag upper officers ordered it to set up pawnshops and other business principal to generate interest to solve the eight flags officers and soldiers red and white reward expenses. The Qianlong period basically followed the use of Yongzheng Shengxin Silver, and on this basis expanded the scope of benefit, no longer limited to the officers and soldiers of the eight banners, the Green Battalion Army, the Han Army also received the corresponding bounty. However, in the process of implementation, there are many difficult to solve the shortcomings, so in 21 years Qianlong formally put forward to stop the system of interest, but because the system has been involved in a wide range of years, until 36 years until the basic stop. But the record of interest-bearing silver is still heard in the record of Qing Dynasty. Jiaqing on the basis of Nai Weng further expanded the use of interest-bearing silver, such as Yamen public, military travel expenses and other administrative expenses. At the same time, the merchant's acceptance of the Bank's failure to return interest on time is also on the agenda. Over time, Daoguang's vast amount of silver is used to pay for military uniforms, subsidies, and military exercises and arresting funds. In Xianfeng period, the arrears of interest and silver were very difficult, the most serious of which were the salt merchants of Huai River, Shandong and Changlu. Tongzhi on the interest of silver can not be paid on time and full records are everywhere. By Guang Xu the problem remained unresolved, but a new option emerged for interest-bearing: new banks. Below, the author will analyze the income system of Qing Dynasty from the aspects of the amount of principal, the use of interest bank, the way of interest, the time limit and the way of repayment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K249

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