本文選題：宋代 + 常平倉��； 參考：《揚州大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：西漢宣帝年間,就已經(jīng)在北部邊遠的地區(qū)設(shè)置常平倉,后幾經(jīng)興廢。到了宋代,常平倉有了更顯著的發(fā)展。 宋代常平倉的設(shè)置遍布了全國各地。太宗淳化三年,常平倉只是作為一種平抑糧價的臨時性機構(gòu),設(shè)置在京城四門。真宗景德三年才真正推廣開來,遍布京東、京西、河北、河?xùn)|、陜西、淮南、江南、兩浙等全國大部分地區(qū)。仁宗康定年間,常平倉的設(shè)置在宋境大部分地區(qū)才算是真正落實。同時,常平倉的設(shè)置還遍布于宋代的路、州、縣三級機構(gòu)。神宗時期,常平倉有了新的發(fā)展,主要是將常平倉充作青苗本錢借貸給民戶。其間,就常平倉是否單一實行青苗斂散有過反復(fù)爭論,最終常平倉保留了半糴糶、半斂散的狀態(tài)。哲宗即位之初,高太后掌權(quán),起用保守派。元yP元年二月,罷青苗法,常平倉糴糶舊法得以單行,但同年四月,朝廷又重行常平斂散之法,并且收息要低于熙豐時期。元yP元年八月,又經(jīng)朝中保守派建議,最終決定廢除青苗法,回復(fù)常平舊法。哲宗親政之后,重行新法,常平倉回到了半糴糶、半斂散的元豐舊態(tài)。元符三年,常平倉出糶與放貸迭加配合,有了新的發(fā)展。此后直到北宋滅亡,常平倉的變化不大。南宋時期,關(guān)于常平斂散的存廢有一番曲折,直到建炎二年,加諸在常平倉上的青苗法得以最終廢除。此后,南宋常平倉基本上沒有太大的波動。 宋代十分重視倉儲建設(shè),尤其是常平倉,更有相關(guān)的職官機構(gòu)負責(zé)倉體的管理、維護和運行。宋代常平倉在不同時期的管理機構(gòu)不盡相同,并從中央到地方發(fā)生了較大變化。常平倉在設(shè)立之初,中央并沒有相應(yīng)的管理機構(gòu)。真宗前期,朝廷開始命司農(nóng)寺專管；大中祥符年間改由三司提領(lǐng)。神宗熙寧時期,王安石變法后常平倉又轉(zhuǎn)歸司農(nóng)寺主管；元豐行新官制,常平倉事宜則轉(zhuǎn)歸戶部右曹主管。南宋初期,仍由戶部右曹管理。至于地方的常平倉則主要由各路提舉常平司主管,當(dāng)中也發(fā)生了些許變化,如北宋初期并無提舉常平司機構(gòu)；南宋時罷提舉常平司歸提點刑獄司,還曾一度歸經(jīng)制司主管,后將提舉常平司與提舉茶鹽司合并為提舉常平茶鹽司等等。顯而易見,兩宋常平倉管理機構(gòu)的變更相當(dāng)頻繁。其中,最引人注目的是設(shè)于北宋王安石變法時期的提舉常平司制度,它當(dāng)時的全稱為“提舉常平廣惠倉兼農(nóng)田水利差役事”。它既是地方行政機構(gòu),又是路級監(jiān)察體制的重要組成部分,無論對宋代政治體制改革還是經(jīng)濟文化發(fā)展均起到了重要作用。 宋代常平倉相較于歷代常平倉而言,其功能也更加多樣化。除了本有的平糴平糶功能之外,還增加了新的內(nèi)容,如常平本充作青苗法貸本、支為軍用、興修水利、修筑城寨、鎮(zhèn)壓夷變、上供國庫、救濟流民、消盜賊、助育兒、貸糧種、養(yǎng)乞丐、設(shè)政區(qū)、賑降人、援旁郡等等類似濟世惠民的新職能,這在一定程度上反映了宋代統(tǒng)治者的“恤民”思想。 宋代常平倉的發(fā)展過程中也存在一些問題,導(dǎo)致時人后世對常平倉有諸多批判。常平倉的弊端主要有：常平錢糧遭到挪用；官吏管理不善；常平倉本身制度存在漏洞等等。朝廷也多次頒布法令,規(guī)范官員行為來解決這些問題。
[Abstract]:During the reign of Emperor Wu of the West Han Dynasty , a common silo had been set up in the area far from the northern side , and after several years of prosperity , there had been a more significant development in the Song Dynasty .

During the reign of Emperor Taizong , the Standing Committee decided to abolish the old law in the Song Dynasty . At the same time , the Standing Committee decided to abolish the old law in the Song Dynasty . At the same time , the Standing Committee decided to abolish the old law in the Song Dynasty .

The Song Dynasty paid great attention to the construction of the warehouse , especially the ordinary warehouse , and the relevant functional officer was responsible for the management , maintenance and operation of the warehouse . The common storehouse in the Song Dynasty varied from the central to the place .
During the period of Emperor Xianning , Wang Anshi changed the law , and returned to the head of the Commander - in - chief .
In the early period of the Southern Song Dynasty , Cao Cao , the head of the head of the household , still managed by Cao Cao , the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head of the head .
At the time of the Southern Song Dynasty , it was suggested that the Changping Division should be referred to the prison division and once belonged to the chief executive of the Division . After that , it was obvious that the changping division of the two Song Dynasty was quite frequent . Among them , the most notable change was established in the period of Wang Anshi in the Northern Song Dynasty . It was called the " Tiao Changping Guanghang and Farmland Water Conservancy " . It is both a local administrative institution and an important part of the road level monitoring system . It plays an important role in the political system reform in the Song Dynasty or the development of economic and cultural development .

In addition to the Pinggu Ping ' s functions , new contents are added . In addition to the Pinggu Ping ' s functions , new functions are added , such as Changpingben as the loan book of Qinghai - Miao Law , for military , building and water conservancy , building a city camp , suppressing the barbarian , feeding the treasury , helping the homeless people , relieving the thief , helping the child , lending the grain , supporting the beggar , setting up a political zone , relieving the relief , assisting the county , etc . , and so on , which reflects the " T - people " thought of the rulers of the Song Dynasty .

There are some problems in the development of Chang ' an in the Song Dynasty , which has led to a lot of criticism to the common silo in the later generations of Song Dynasty .
Officials are poorly managed ;
There is a flaw in the common silo ' s own system , and the imperial court has also issued decrees many times to regulate official acts to solve these problems .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D691;K244

【參考文獻】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 宋炯;宋代提舉常平司的沿革與財政體系的變化[J];安徽史學(xué);2002年01期

2 趙云旗;北宋中葉振興國家財政的主要措施[J];北京社會科學(xué);1998年02期

3 孫榮榮;;金章宗時期的旱災(zāi)及賑災(zāi)措施[J];東北史地;2007年05期

4 馬玉臣;論王安石的救荒思想[J];撫州師專學(xué)報;1999年04期

5 劉云軍;《救荒活民書》中救荒思想淺析[J];古今農(nóng)業(yè);2005年01期

6 張清慧;;由王安石變法看常平倉制度[J];地方財政研究;2009年10期

7 劉秋根;唐宋常平倉的經(jīng)營與青苗法的推行[J];河北大學(xué)學(xué)報(哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版);1989年04期

8 孔祥軍;;兩宋常平倉研究[J];南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)版);2009年04期

9 袁一堂;宋代河北路便糴地域考略[J];河北學(xué)刊;1998年01期

10 郭文佳;;常平倉與宋代災(zāi)荒救助[J];商丘師范學(xué)院學(xué)報;2006年06期

，

本文編號：1792664