本文選題：秦漢之際　切入點(diǎn)：禮　出處：《河北大學(xué)》2009年博士論文

【摘要】：“禮治”是以禮來(lái)治理國(guó)家約束百姓的一種體制或規(guī)范,它涉及到國(guó)家管理和社會(huì)生活的方方面面,我國(guó)古代的禮治思想源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。秦漢時(shí)期是我國(guó)發(fā)展的重要時(shí)期,秦漢之際(從秦朝到漢武帝初年確立“獨(dú)尊儒術(shù)”止),是統(tǒng)治思想的變換時(shí)期,秦國(guó)到秦朝為富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵而推崇法家思想,“以法為教,以吏為師”,秦末社會(huì)秩序被打亂,漢初為適應(yīng)休養(yǎng)生息,恢復(fù)和發(fā)展社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的需要而推行黃老,因此,整個(gè)秦漢之際禮治思想相對(duì)沉寂,但沉寂并不意味消亡,秦始皇雖然“焚書(shū)”、“坑儒”,但其統(tǒng)治思想中仍然包含著禮治的因素,禮治的核心觀念即“別貴賤,明尊卑”,在始皇巡游各地留下的刻石中時(shí)有反映,這些刻石內(nèi)容在思想方面的意義在于某種程度上揭示了那個(gè)時(shí)代的官方思想和價(jià)值觀。而漢初儒生與黃老的不斷交鋒,主張復(fù)興儒學(xué)、實(shí)施禮治,則更證明了禮治思想不僅僅作為一種學(xué)說(shuō)被探討,也必將作為重要的意識(shí)形態(tài)來(lái)參與國(guó)家政治生活。所以,對(duì)這一時(shí)期禮學(xué)、禮治思想進(jìn)行研究,仍有重大價(jià)值。一方面可以使秦漢思想史的研究更加完善,具有重要的歷史意義。另一方面,禮治作為一種調(diào)和社會(huì)關(guān)系的規(guī)范而言,具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)借鑒意義。 論文研究的主要內(nèi)容包括：一是探討禮的起源。遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)期,由于祭祀活動(dòng)的興起、習(xí)俗的積淀、止亂的需要、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)和交換行為規(guī)范化等,逐漸形成了各種儀式,促使禮的產(chǎn)生,因此,禮的起源是“一果多因”的。二是探討先秦各家對(duì)待禮的態(tài)度。儒家尊禮,道家非禮,墨家批判儒家厚葬久喪的繁瑣禮儀,法家一斷于法,認(rèn)為禮無(wú)益于富國(guó)強(qiáng)兵,但也不完全排斥禮的存在,商鞅、韓非等法家代表對(duì)禮各有所見(jiàn)。三是重點(diǎn)探討漢初陸賈、叔孫通、賈誼、賈山、韓嬰等反思秦政而提出的禮治主張。叔孫通定朝儀,陸賈作《新語(yǔ)》,賈誼著《新書(shū)》,竭力倡揚(yáng)禮治,他們的共同努力,為漢初儒學(xué)的復(fù)興奠定了基礎(chǔ)。四是從普遍意義上來(lái)探討由先秦到漢武帝初期禮經(jīng)傳承的基本脈絡(luò)及“三禮”中的禮治思想。五是集中探討董仲舒的禮學(xué)與禮治思想。董仲舒敬天尊儒,同時(shí)借鑒法家思想,在“三綱五常”中,將禮治思想打上了時(shí)代烙印,完成了儒家思想主要是禮治思想向統(tǒng)治思想的轉(zhuǎn)變,奠定了儒家思想作為古代中國(guó)統(tǒng)治思想的基本格局。 對(duì)秦漢之際禮治思想進(jìn)行研究目的有四：一是深入挖掘秦時(shí)的禮學(xué)思想,并分析其運(yùn)用于實(shí)踐的程度,主要依據(jù)《史記》、《漢書(shū)》、《秦會(huì)要》等典籍及現(xiàn)有相關(guān)研究成果,同時(shí)從秦國(guó)產(chǎn)生、發(fā)展的地理淵源及民俗學(xué)的角度尋求由秦國(guó)到秦朝統(tǒng)治思想中禮治因素的底蘊(yùn),以說(shuō)明秦不僅僅重視刑罰、耕戰(zhàn),而且,“禮”在對(duì)社會(huì)的管理和控制中也起著相當(dāng)重要的作用。通過(guò)這一研究,為秦漢之際思想史研究的系統(tǒng)性做進(jìn)一步的探索。二是把思想放在歷史發(fā)展的背景下來(lái)考察,說(shuō)明不論是社會(huì)的動(dòng)蕩、整合,還是恢復(fù)、發(fā)展,禮從未被完全排斥于社會(huì)生活之外,這種生生不息的原因值得探討,其社會(huì)穩(wěn)定功能更值得借鑒。三是對(duì)秦漢之際儒家禮經(jīng)的傳承脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行梳理,周公制禮作樂(lè),孔子繼承周公之志,子夏為禮經(jīng)的傳承起了重要的橋梁作用,荀子繼承并發(fā)展了孔子的禮學(xué)思想,賈誼對(duì)禮經(jīng)既有發(fā)展又有創(chuàng)新,董仲舒最終使儒家禮治在政治指導(dǎo)思想上的主導(dǎo)地位得以確立。從這些賢哲的執(zhí)著和努力中,能夠看到思想文化傳承中人的因素不可或缺,而繼承同時(shí)的創(chuàng)新更加重要。四是對(duì)整個(gè)秦漢之際及其前后影響較大的著述中的禮學(xué)及禮治思想進(jìn)行挖掘,對(duì)本身即為禮書(shū)的“三禮”將給予總結(jié)歸納；對(duì)“春秋三傳”豐富的禮治思想給予研究,探討其歷史意義；對(duì)《淮南子》《呂氏春秋》等內(nèi)容豐富的作品進(jìn)行充分探討,從中體會(huì)其對(duì)禮及禮治的論述。 秦漢之際的禮學(xué)與禮治思想在中國(guó)思想文化史上占據(jù)著重要地位。它奠定了中國(guó)封建政治思想意識(shí)形態(tài)和社會(huì)組織形式的基本格局。對(duì)其研究,不僅具有思想史的價(jià)值,而且具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義�！岸Y”作為封建時(shí)代的意識(shí)形態(tài),有其歷史局限性,但其以禮整合社會(huì)、凝聚人心、傳承文明、敦化風(fēng)俗的文化功能,對(duì)于當(dāng)今和諧社會(huì)建設(shè)仍有一定的借鑒意義。
[Abstract]:"Rite" is a kind of system or norms governing the country people's Lilly constraints, it relates to the national management and all aspects of social life in ancient China's Confucian thought has a long history. During the Qin and Han Dynasties is an important period for the development of our country, Qin and Han Dynasties (from the Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty established the "Confucianism"), is the transformation period of ruling ideology, Qin to Qin Dynasty to fuguoqiangbing which respected the legalist thought of "law, the history", the end of the Qin Dynasty the social order was disrupted, the early Han Dynasty to recuperate, the recovery and development of social economy and the need to implement the yellow old, therefore, the political thought of Qin and Han Dynasty relatively quiet. But the silence does not die, although Qin Shihuang "book", but "pit ru" the ruling ideology still contains the core values of the factors, namely "Bie Guijian, Ming Emperor in the hierarchy", leaving around the parade The stone when reflect the significance of these stone content in thought is to some extent reveals the official ideology and value of that era. The early Han Confucian scholars and Huang Lao scholars, advocated the revival of Confucianism, the implementation of the ritual, more proved ritualthought not only as a kind of theory are discussed is an important ideology of the political life of the country. So, this period of ritual, of ritual politics, is still of great value. On the one hand can make the Han thought history is more perfect, is of great historical significance. On the other hand, the social relations as a harmonic standard. Has the important practical significance.
The main contents of this paper include: one is the origin of the ritual. In ancient times, due to the rise of ritual activities, customs accumulation, stop chaos, social economic activities and the exchange behavior standardization, gradually formed a variety of ritual ceremony, prompted the production, therefore, the origin of etiquette is "a fruit because" the two is to treat. Various pre Qin ritual attitude. Confucian propriety of Taoism, Mohist criticized Confucian etiquette cumbersome indecent assault, long burial funeral, Legalists by law, that is not conducive to Li Fuguojiangbing, but does not completely exclude the existence of the ceremony, Shang Yang, Han Fei and other representatives of Legalists ceremony have seen three. Discuss the early Han Jia Shu sun Tong, Jia Yi, Jia mountain, Qin and Han Ying review proposed by advocates. Shusun Rotundine toward the instrument, as a new Falluja < >, < > Jia Yi book, strongly advocating etiquette, their joint effort, for the revival of Confucianism laid the early Han Dynasty Four is the foundation. From the universal significance to study from the pre Qin to Han Dynasty early ceremony from basic context inheritance and "three" in Confucian thought. The five is focused on Dong Zhongshu's ritual and political thought. Dong Zhongshu Jing inside Confucianism, Legalism and reference, in the "Five Virtues", the Confucian thought on the mark of the times, the Confucianism is mainly Confucian thought to change ruling ideology, laid the basic pattern of ancient Confucianism as Chinese ruling ideology.
In the Qin and Han Dynasty, Confucian thought study has four purposes: one is to mine the Qin Dynasty Confucianism, and analyzes its application level, mainly based on historical records < > >, < < Qin to Han, so on books and the existing research results, at the same time from the state of Qin, the development of geography the origin and the perspective of folklore from Qin to Qin Dynasty ruled by seeking thought factors in the background, to illustrate the Qin not only attach importance to agriculture and war, and punishment, "the ritual" also plays an important role in the management and control of society. Through this research, further exploration of the system as the Qin and Han Dynasties to study the history of thought. The two is to put the ideas down in the history of the development of the background, explain whether social unrest, integration, or the recovery, development, Li has never been completely excluded from the social life, it explores the reasons for this life and growth in nature, the social stability Be more worth learning. Three of the Qin and Han Dynasty Confucianism through the inheritance of comb, the Duke of Zhou ritual music, Confucius inherited the Duke of Zhou Zhi, for the ceremony by the Xia inheritance plays an important role as a bridge, Xunzi inherited and developed Confucius's thought of rites, rites of Jia Yi by both development and innovation, Dong Zhongshu finally the Confucian dominant position in the political guiding ideology has been established. From these sages dedication and effort, can see the factors of the ideological and cultural heritage of people is indispensable, and inheritance and innovation is more important. The four is the Qin and Han Dynasties and its influential writings before and after the ceremony and the political thought of mining on itself is the book of Rites "three" will give the summary; give research on the "spring three" rich Confucian thought, explore the historical significance of Huainan; < sub > > < LuShiChunQiu Other rich works are fully explored, from the experience of the discussion of the ceremony and ritual.
Qin and Han Dynasties ritual and Confucian thought occupies an important position in the history of Chinese. It laid the Chinese feudal political ideology and social organization of the basic pattern. In the research, not only has the value of thought history, but also has practical significance. "The ritual" as a feudal ideology, the the historical limitations, but its integration with social cohesion, heritage of civilization, the cultural function of Dunhua customs, there is still a certain reference for the construction of a harmonious society.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：河北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K232;K892.9

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