本文選題：清代　切入點(diǎn)：滿語文　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：滿族及其先世，不僅建立過政權(quán)，而且在文化上也做出過突出的貢獻(xiàn)，其中一個顯著的成就是創(chuàng)制了本民族的文字，女真族創(chuàng)制了“女真大字”和“女真小字”，延用了300多年；明末努爾哈赤命額爾德尼、噶蓋依照蒙古字母創(chuàng)制“老滿文”，皇太極時又由達(dá)海改進(jìn)為“新滿文”。滿文在清代延用了近300年。女真語文和滿語文具有一定的連續(xù)性和繼承性，極具比較研究的價值。 本文系統(tǒng)地對滿族語言文字發(fā)展史及其歷史影響進(jìn)行整體研究，因此具有一定的創(chuàng)新意義和學(xué)術(shù)價值。本文在吸收和借鑒前人研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上，以滿語言文化為主要研究對象，采取歷史學(xué)、文獻(xiàn)學(xué)、歷史語言學(xué)、接觸語言學(xué)等多學(xué)科交叉的研究手段，以時間為線索，以問題為中心，主要圍繞滿語文的歷史演變及相關(guān)問題；清代的“國語”政策及滿語文的興衰歷程；清代滿文文獻(xiàn)的分類及價值；滿語文對滿族及東北其他民族、中華民族文化與中外文化交流等方面的歷史影響幾個主要問題展開，力爭在理論層面上有所突破和創(chuàng)新，為這一領(lǐng)域的學(xué)術(shù)發(fā)展做出貢獻(xiàn)。這也是本文最主要的創(chuàng)新之處。 本文除緒論和結(jié)論外，正文部分由四章構(gòu)成。 緒論部分回顧了關(guān)于滿語文研究的學(xué)術(shù)史與研究現(xiàn)狀，以及本文的學(xué)術(shù)價值與研究方法，并對相關(guān)概念作了界定。 第一章探討滿族先民的語言文字，重點(diǎn)是梲棬和女真。以渤海族沒有創(chuàng)制本民族文字所產(chǎn)生的歷史影響來分析民族語言文字與民族意識、文化自覺的關(guān)系，還論述了女真文的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)及其推廣方面存在的不足，以及女真語對漢語的影響，并從“漢字文化圈”的角度審視女真文化的歷史變遷及比較。此外還論述了明代女真人逐漸使用蒙古文字，開始由“漢字文化圈”漸趨“蒙古化”，滿文的創(chuàng)制就是“蒙古化”的結(jié)果。 第二章探討清代滿語文的興衰歷程。重點(diǎn)是滿語與女真語的關(guān)系，從滿文的創(chuàng)制與改制所反映的滿族文化的發(fā)展歷程與軌跡，清代“國語”政策及其歷史演變，滿語文的衰落狀況及原因，以及從滿漢語言文化的接觸和融合分析中國古代文化融合的階段特征及原因。清代，隨著滿漢民族的接觸與融合，滿語與蒙語的關(guān)系逐漸疏遠(yuǎn)，而與漢語的關(guān)系日益密切，最終在文字的發(fā)展道路走出了“漢化（金）——蒙古化（元明）——再漢化（清）”的歷史軌跡。 第三章對清代的各種滿文文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行評述。重點(diǎn)是滿文文獻(xiàn)主要分類方法的評述，滿文檔案文獻(xiàn)及其史學(xué)價值，滿文翻譯文獻(xiàn)及其所體現(xiàn)的滿漢文化關(guān)系，，從翻譯《大藏經(jīng)》看清代的宗教政策和文化政策，滿文辭書的特點(diǎn)及其文化內(nèi)涵等問題。從清代滿文辭書的體例演變歷程既可以看出辭書編纂手段的進(jìn)步，亦可以看出清代滿漢兩種文字彼此消長的關(guān)系。“清文鑒”系列對滿文的成熟與發(fā)展起到了至關(guān)重要的作用，而且由“三體”到“四體”、再到“五體”，體現(xiàn)了清代民族政策的發(fā)展和完善過程，是清前期（滿文產(chǎn)生到乾隆末年）社會發(fā)展?fàn)顩r的一個縮影。 第四章探討滿語文的歷史影響，這是本文的重點(diǎn)和主體部分。主要分析滿語文對滿族文化、東北區(qū)域文化、東北少數(shù)民族文化、中華民族文化以及中外文化交流的歷史影響，還集中探討了滿語文與錫伯語文的關(guān)系以及錫伯族語文的發(fā)展及其歷史影響等問題。重點(diǎn)解決滿語文所反映的清代滿族的國家意識和文化認(rèn)同，東北少數(shù)民族的文化發(fā)展水平，滿語對北京“官話”的歷史影響，清代外國學(xué)者研究滿語文的狀況、特點(diǎn)以及“滿學(xué)”的相關(guān)問題。 結(jié)論部分對全文作了回顧和總結(jié)，并作了理論上的升華。通過滿語文反映出語言與文字、滿語文與滿族文化認(rèn)同、滿語文與清代文化、滿語文與中外文化交流的關(guān)系這幾個理論問題。最后總結(jié)出全文的中心論點(diǎn)，即語言的興衰歷程不是孤立的，而是與民族的社會環(huán)境變遷密切相關(guān)，反過來語言又對民族、社會、文化產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。
[Abstract]:The Manchu nationality and its ancestors, not only established the regime, but in culture has also made outstanding contribution, which is a remarkable achievement created by the national language, the creation of the "Jurchen Jurchen characters" and "Jurchen words", which continued for more than 300 years; the life of Nur Ha Che Gagai Erdeni, in accordance with the Mongolia letter creation "the old Manchu, Huangtaiji and by seas as the" new Manchu ". The improvement of Manchu in Qing Dynasty which continued for nearly 300 years. The Jurchen language and Manchu language continuity and succession, comparative study on the very value.
In this paper, the development history of the Manchu language and historical influence of the overall study, so it has certain innovation significance and academic value. On the basis of absorbing and drawing on previous research results, with language and culture as the main research object, take the history, literature, history, linguistics, linguistics and other multidisciplinary research means of contact cross, take the time as a clue, problem centered, mainly focuses on the historical evolution of Manchu language and related issues; the course of rise and fall of the Qing Dynasty "Mandarin" policy and Manchu language; classification and value of the Qing Dynasty Manchu literature; Manchu language of Manchu and other ethnic groups in Northeast China, the aspects of culture and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries the historical influence of several major issues, and strive to achieve a breakthrough in the theoretical level and innovation, make contributions to the field of academic development. This is the most important Innovation.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the text is composed of four chapters.
The introduction reviews the academic history and research status of the full language research, as well as the academic value and research methods of this article, and defines the related concepts.
The first chapter discusses the language of the Manchu ancestors, the focus is Zhuo to historical influence and Jurchen drinking vessel made of crooked wood. Not the Bohai nationality minority languages generated by the analysis of the national language and national consciousness, the relationship between the cultural consciousness, also discusses the shortcomings and advantages and disadvantages of the promotion of Jurchen, and the influence of Jurchen language Chinese, and examine the history and comparison of Jurchen culture from the perspective of "Chinese characters cultural circle". The Ming Dynasty Jurchen language of Mongolia gradually, starting from the "Chinese characters cultural circle" is "Mongolia", "Mongolia is the creation of the Manchu".
The second chapter discusses the history of the Qing Dynasty Manchu language. The focus is the relationship between Manchu and Jurchen language, and track development as reflected in the creation and reform of the Manchu Manchu culture in the Qing Dynasty, "Mandarin" policy and its history, status and causes of decline of Manchu language, as well as from the Manchu language and culture contact and fusion analysis the characteristics and reasons of Chinese ancient cultural integration. With the Han nationality in the Qing Dynasty, the contact and integration, the relationship of Manchu and Mongolian gradually alienated, and Chinese has closer relationship, finally out of the path of development in Chinese characters (gold) - Mongolia (Yuan Ming) - Chinese (Qing) "history.
The third chapter of Manchu literature of Qing Dynasty were reviewed. The focus is on the main classification method of Manchu literature, archives and historical value of literature, literature and the translation of Manchu Han culture in Qing Dynasty, the religious policy and cultural policy from the translation of Manchu dictionary > < Tripitaka, characteristics and cultural connotations. From the Qing Dynasty Manchu dictionary style evolution can see lexicographical means progress, also can see the relationship between Manchu and Han two languages of succeeding each other. "Qing Wen Jian" series of mature and development of Manchu has played a crucial role, and the "body" to the "four", then to "Five" that reflects the development of national policy in the Qing Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty (perfect process, is to produce the Manchu Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty) is a microcosm of the development of society.
The fourth chapter discusses the historical influence of Manchu language, it is the main body part of this thesis. The main analysis of the full language of the Manchu culture, regional culture in Northeast China, the Northeast ethnic culture, Chinese culture and cultural exchanges between China and the historical influence, also focuses on the relationship between Chinese and Manchu language and Xibe Xibe language development and its historical influence. Focus on Manchu language reflects the Manchu national consciousness and cultural identity of ethnic minority in Northeast China's cultural development level, the historical influence of Manchu of Beijing Mandarin, foreign scholars research status in Qing Dynasty Manchu language, characteristics and problems related to "full".
The conclusion part makes a review and summary, and made the theory of sublimation. The Manchu language reflects the language and text, full of Chinese cultural identity and Manchu, Manchu language and culture in the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu language and several theoretical issues related to cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Finally summarizes the full text of the central argument, namely language the history is not isolated, but closely related to the national social environment changes, and in turn to the national language, society, culture has had a profound impact.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：H221;K249

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