本文選題：劉秀　切入點(diǎn)：功臣　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：無(wú)論從歷史學(xué)還是政治學(xué)看,劉秀“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”都是一個(gè)重要的研究對(duì)象。回顧前人關(guān)于劉秀“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”的研究,大多在探討劉秀的治國(guó)方略時(shí)有所涉及,將劉秀“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”作為單獨(dú)事件展開全面系統(tǒng)深入研究的并不多。東漢初年,劉秀采取“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”的統(tǒng)治方略,一方面保全了功臣,穩(wěn)定了政局,另方面又使東漢政權(quán)在短短不到三十年的時(shí)間里實(shí)現(xiàn)了由武官執(zhí)政到文官執(zhí)政的轉(zhuǎn)變,鞏固了統(tǒng)治 東漢初年功臣的形成。伴隨著春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的諸侯紛爭(zhēng),軍功爵制產(chǎn)生并發(fā)展起來(lái)的,并在秦和西漢初年達(dá)到興盛,此后雖有衰弱,但兩漢之際的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)再次為軍功爵制提供了展現(xiàn)其價(jià)值的歷史舞臺(tái)。東漢建立后,劉秀按照軍功爵制先后對(duì)功臣進(jìn)行兩次大規(guī)模的分封爵土,并通過其他一些物質(zhì)賞賜和榮譽(yù)方面的恩寵與褒揚(yáng)等。東漢初年,一個(gè)以功臣為主體,擁有強(qiáng)大的政治勢(shì)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ),具有高等的社會(huì)地位和特權(quán)的新社會(huì)階層——功臣階層形成了。功臣把劉秀擁戴為皇帝,但隨著功臣階層權(quán)勢(shì)的不斷壯大,又對(duì)皇權(quán)產(chǎn)生了威脅。 “退功臣”研究。以往的史家,以及有關(guān)史料,在對(duì)劉秀“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”的研究或論述中,往往認(rèn)為劉秀“退功臣”中的功臣僅是指“云臺(tái)二十八將”為代表的首要功臣。其實(shí)不然,東漢初年劉秀“退功臣”中的“功臣”是指東漢初年的所有軍功人員,不僅僅包括“云臺(tái)二十八將”為代表在中央機(jī)構(gòu)任職的功臣,還包括州、郡、縣行政機(jī)構(gòu)的軍功人員。東漢初年,劉秀在統(tǒng)治方略上著眼于東漢政權(quán)的長(zhǎng)治久安,通過鞏固軍權(quán)、政權(quán)等一系列措施,歷經(jīng)三個(gè)階段,最終成功的剝奪了軍功人員的官職。 “進(jìn)文吏”研究。中國(guó)古代的文官制度,在夏商周時(shí)代就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn),在春期戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期有所發(fā)展,在秦代初具框架,在西漢武帝時(shí)初步形成。中國(guó)古代的文官制度有著重要的統(tǒng)治功能,它不僅有利于加強(qiáng)封建中央集權(quán)統(tǒng)治,而且有利于封建政權(quán)的行政管理和廉潔吏治。東漢建立后,劉秀“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”,從統(tǒng)治方略上來(lái)講,就是為了鞏固發(fā)展文官制度,以保證東漢政權(quán)的長(zhǎng)治久安。東漢初年,劉秀引進(jìn)的“文吏”包括儒生、文吏、儒法兼通之人。劉秀通過恢復(fù)鞏固西漢以來(lái)的官員選拔制度,引進(jìn)前朝舊臣,發(fā)展教育培養(yǎng)后備官員的方式,引進(jìn)大量文官,不僅彌補(bǔ)了“退功臣”后出現(xiàn)的官職空缺,而且還較快地使東漢政權(quán)得以正常運(yùn)行。劉秀“退功臣而進(jìn)文吏”雖然對(duì)鞏固發(fā)展文官制度,維護(hù)東漢政權(quán)的統(tǒng)治起到了一定的積極作用,但同時(shí)也留下了一些消極影響。
[Abstract]:Whether from the perspective of history or political science, Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials to the officials in the literature" is an important research object. Reviewing the previous studies on Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials to advance officials", most of them are involved in discussing Liu Xiu's strategy of governing the country. It is not many that take Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials into the civil service" as a separate incident to carry out a comprehensive and systematic in-depth study. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu adopted the ruling strategy of "returning meritorious officials to enter the civil service officials", which on the one hand preserved the meritorious officials and stabilized the political situation. On the other hand, in less than 30 years, the Eastern Han regime has realized the transition from the military attache to the civil administration, and consolidated the rule. The formation of meritorious officials in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Along with the disputes among the princes in the Spring and Autumn and warring States periods, the military meritorious system came into being and developed, and it flourished in the early years of the Qin and the Western Han dynasties. However, the war during the Han Dynasty once again provided a historical stage for the military meritorious service system to show its value. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu successively divided the meritorious officials into two large-scale enunciations according to the military meritorious system. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a meritorious official was the main body with strong political forces and economic foundation. The new social stratum with high social status and privilege-meritorious class was formed. The meritorious officials held Liu Xiu as emperor, but with the increasing power of meritorious class, it posed a threat to imperial power. The study of "returning meritorious officials". In the research or exposition of Liu Xiu's "returning meritorious officials to the officials", the historians of the past and related historical materials, It is often thought that the meritorious officials in Liu Xiu's "retreating meritorious officials" only refer to "Yuntai 28" as the chief meritorious officer represented by "Yuntai 28". In fact, the "meritorious officials" in Liu Xiu's "retreating meritorious officials" at the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty refer to all the military meritorious personnel in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Not only did "Yuntai 28" represent the meritorious service of the central organs, but also the military personnel of the state, county and county administrative bodies. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu focused on the long-term stability of the Eastern Han regime in his ruling strategy. Through a series of measures, such as consolidating military power and political power, it has successfully deprived the officers of military service personnel after three stages. The Civil Service system in Ancient China appeared in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, developed during the Spring and warring States period, and had a framework in the Qin Dynasty. The civil service system in ancient China had an important ruling function, which was not only conducive to strengthening the feudal centralized rule, but also conducive to the administration of the feudal regime and the clean administration of officials. After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu's "retreat from meritorious service and entry into the civil service" is to consolidate and develop the civil service system in order to ensure the long-term stability of the Eastern Han regime. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu introduced "literati", including Confucian students and civil servants. By restoring and consolidating the official selection system since the Western Han Dynasty, introducing the old officials of the former Dynasty, developing the way of education and training of reserve officials, and introducing a large number of civil servants, Liu Xiu not only made up for the vacancy of official posts after "retiring from the meritorious service". Liu Xiu's "retreating meritorious officials into civil servants" played a positive role in consolidating and developing the civil service system and maintaining the rule of the Eastern Han regime, but at the same time, it also left some negative effects.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：K234

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