本文選題：魏晉　切入點(diǎn)：儒家道德　出處：《華中師范大學(xué)》2013年博士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：魏晉是我國(guó)歷史上社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型和文化變遷的重要時(shí)期,這一時(shí)期的道德觀念經(jīng)歷了一個(gè)從衰落崩潰到重新建構(gòu)的過(guò)程。本文試圖將魏晉時(shí)期道德觀念的崩潰與重構(gòu)置于社會(huì)變革和思想文化變遷的歷史背景之下,研究探討這一時(shí)期道德觀念崩潰與重構(gòu)的過(guò)程,希望能夠更準(zhǔn)確的把握問(wèn)題的實(shí)質(zhì),能夠更加充分的揭示其豐富的內(nèi)容和更加深入的總結(jié)歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn),為探究歷史上轉(zhuǎn)型時(shí)期的道德觀念的重建提供理論和借鑒。 兩漢儒家道德觀念的形成與發(fā)展。闡述西漢武帝時(shí)期,董仲舒以儒家思想為主體,吸收其他各家思想,建構(gòu)了天人感應(yīng)神學(xué),形成了三綱五常為基本內(nèi)容的道德觀念。經(jīng)過(guò)石渠閣會(huì)議和白虎觀會(huì)議的整頓,官方儒學(xué)進(jìn)一步滲透到社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面,儒家道德觀念成為當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)乃至后世通行的道德準(zhǔn)則和規(guī)范。為了維護(hù)政權(quán),統(tǒng)治階級(jí)將儒家思想確定為維護(hù)封建專制主義的思想體系。 魏晉時(shí)期儒家道德觀念的崩潰。儒學(xué)發(fā)展到東漢末年逐漸衰落,天人感應(yīng)神學(xué)的瓦解,滋生于其內(nèi)的道德觀念也隨之而削弱。本章分別從以下幾個(gè)方面分析儒家道德崩潰的因素：政治上,大一統(tǒng)局面的解體、軍閥混戰(zhàn)使皇權(quán)遭到猛烈的沖擊,儒家道德中君為臣綱的觀念遭到動(dòng)搖；思想上,這一時(shí)期出現(xiàn)的無(wú)君論思潮認(rèn)為君王之制是制造罪惡的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?否定了君主制度存在的合理性；災(zāi)異、戰(zhàn)亂帶來(lái)的死亡恐懼使人們的個(gè)體意識(shí)覺(jué)醒,道德不再是士人競(jìng)相追逐的目標(biāo),任誕放縱,及時(shí)行樂(lè),反道德行為盛行。魏晉時(shí)期,道德規(guī)范的缺乏,儒家思想所建立的三綱五常為核心的道德觀念處于不斷被沖擊的過(guò)程之中。 道德重構(gòu)。名教的虛偽不實(shí),社會(huì)的道德危機(jī)要求思想家們?cè)诶碚撋辖o予回應(yīng)。在儒家道德規(guī)范的虛偽性被認(rèn)清與打破的過(guò)程中,新的道德觀也在探索與重建中。分別介紹從王弼到阮籍、嵇康,裴頒、郭象,再到葛洪、張湛等人為道德重構(gòu)做出的努力,他們?cè)噲D從儒家、道家、宗教等思想中汲取、吸收有利于自身的理論,希冀為重新構(gòu)建新的道德規(guī)范添加內(nèi)容,整個(gè)魏晉時(shí)期始終處于這種不斷摸索重建的過(guò)程之中。從正始時(shí)期王弼的“名教本于自然”開(kāi)始,經(jīng)竹林時(shí)期阮籍、嵇康拋棄儒家道德提出的“越名教任自然”,西晉時(shí)期裴頒強(qiáng)調(diào)儒家道德精神發(fā)崇有論,“棄自然任名教”,郭象探討得出的“名教即自然”,葛洪針對(duì)道德衰敗,宣揚(yáng)儒家道德的思想,到東晉后期張湛的儒道融合理論止,正是人們自我意識(shí)覺(jué)醒,個(gè)體與社會(huì)分離的時(shí)期,人們重點(diǎn)關(guān)注的是生命的意義,個(gè)體價(jià)值的實(shí)現(xiàn),精神意境的追求等等問(wèn)題,通過(guò)思想家們不斷探索,逐漸協(xié)調(diào),并且利用佛道二教的理論,不僅解決了自然與名教之間的矛盾,還比較圓滿的解決了人們的死亡恐懼問(wèn)題,更重要的是建構(gòu)了新道德理論的基本框架。士人逐漸由對(duì)外物的反抗超越轉(zhuǎn)為對(duì)內(nèi)心寧?kù)o閑適境界的追求,以一種超功利的審美態(tài)度,追求一種藝術(shù)化的審美人生,以內(nèi)心的滿足和愉悅,超然和灑脫為最高的人生境界。魏晉時(shí)期的道德觀以與兩漢名教所沒(méi)有的寬松、率直、真性、自然使人們?cè)诰駳w宿的意義上實(shí)踐了名教與自然的統(tǒng)一。
[Abstract]:The Wei and Jin Dynasties is an important period of social transformation and cultural transformation in China's history, this period of moral values has experienced a decline from collapse to reconstruction. This paper attempts to use the moral concept of the Wei and Jin Dynasties collapse and reconstruction in social transformation and cultural changes of the historical background, study the process of collapse and reconstruction the moral values of this period, hope to be able to grasp the essence of the problem more accurately, can more fully reveal its rich content and more in-depth summing up historical experience, provide theory and reference for the exploration of history during the transition period of moral values reconstruction.
The formation and development of Han Dynasty Confucian morality. This period of the Emperor Wudi, Dong Zhongshu takes Confucianism as the main body, absorbing the thoughts of other schools, the construction of the heaven theology, formed the moral concept as the basic content of the core. After the Shiquge conference and white tiger view to rectify the official Confucianism further penetrated into all aspects of social life, Confucianism the moral concept has become a society at that time and later accepted moral standards and norms. In order to maintain the regime, the ruling class will be determined to maintain the Confucian feudal autocracy thought system.
The Wei and Jin Dynasties Confucian morality collapse. Confucianism in the Eastern Han Dynasty gradually decline, the collapse of heaven theology, which breed in moral values will be weakened. This chapter from the following aspects: the analysis of the factors of Confucian moral collapse in politics, the disintegration of unification of warlords, the violent impact of Imperial power in the Confucian moral, Jun Chen Gang has been shaken the idea; thought, the thought that no monarch king is arch-criminal evil appeared in this period, denied the rationality of the monarchy exists; disaster, war brought the fear of death makes people's individual consciousness, morality is no longer the chase the goal, he indulgence, carpe diem, anti moral behavior prevails. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the lack of moral norms, the establishment of Confucianism as the core of the five virtues moral values in the In the process of constant impact.
Moral reconstruction. Teach the false, moral crisis demands of social thinkers respond in theory. The process is to identify the hypocrisy of Confucian ethics and break in the new morality in the exploration and reconstruction are introduced. From Wang Bi to Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Pei Kuo, again by. To Ge Hong, Zhang Zhan and other human moral reconstruction efforts, they try to learn from the Confucian, Taoist, and religious thought, absorbed in favor of their own theory, hoping to add content to construct new moral norm, the Wei and Jin Dynasties is always in the process of rebuilding the trial. From the Zhengshi period "of Wang Bi norm in nature", the period of bamboo Ruan Ji, Ji Kang abandoned the Confucian moral "put forward the teaching of any nature", the Western Jin Dynasty by the Confucian moral spirit that Pei Chong has abandoned the name of natural religion ", Guo Xiang's research The "norm is nature", Ge Hong for the moral decline, Confucian moral philosophy, to Confucianism and Taoism in the late period of Eastern Jin Zhang Zhan fusion theory, it is the awakening of self consciousness, the separation of the individual and society, people pay more attention to the meaning of life, the realization of individual value, the pursuit of spiritual and so on, the thinkers continue to explore and gradually coordinated, and the use of two Buddhist teaching theory, not only solves the contradiction between nature and religion, also solved the issue of people's fear of death, more important is to construct the basic framework of the new moral theory. Scholars gradually from the material resistance for the peace of mind beyond the realm of the pursuit of leisure, with an ultra utilitarian aesthetic attitude, the pursuit of a kind of artistic aesthetic life, the inner satisfaction and pleasure, detached and free and easy is the highest realm of life. During Wei and Jin Dynasties The moral view of the period is loose, straightforward and true, and nature makes people practice the unity of name and nature in the sense of spiritual home.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B82-092;K235

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