本文關(guān)鍵詞： 琉球三策 朝鮮策略 何如璋 黃遵憲　出處：《延邊大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：琉球和朝鮮在明清時(shí)期就一直是與中國(guó)交往最為密切的朝貢國(guó),兩者都作為藩屬國(guó)向中國(guó)朝貢和貿(mào)易往來(lái),中朝、中琉之間維系著睦鄰友好的關(guān)系。降及近代,琉球和朝鮮都受到了西方列強(qiáng)尤其是日本的不斷侵?jǐn)_,朝貢國(guó)日漸遭到蠶食,清朝的朝貢體系不斷受到?jīng)_擊,岌岌可危。面對(duì)如此危機(jī),中國(guó)近代的外交使臣們何如璋、黃遵憲等人提出了《琉球三策》與《朝鮮策略》來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)。《琉球三策》推動(dòng)了照會(huì)事件和外國(guó)調(diào)停的實(shí)現(xiàn),而《朝鮮策略》則推動(dòng)了黃遵憲與朝鮮修信史金弘集的筆談以及《朝美通商條約》的簽訂。通過(guò)對(duì)《琉球三策》和《朝鮮策略》的微觀對(duì)比研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),造成清政府無(wú)法保護(hù)琉球和朝鮮的共同原因是日本侵臺(tái)事件、俄國(guó)自始至終的干擾以及日本實(shí)力的不斷擴(kuò)大,多種方面的因素共同導(dǎo)致了清政府無(wú)法保存住琉球和朝鮮。同時(shí),清朝在對(duì)待琉球與朝鮮有著不同的態(tài)度,這種差異性體現(xiàn)在:不同的軍事戰(zhàn)略、從支展到積極應(yīng)對(duì)、從勿與交通到各國(guó)通商三個(gè)方面,這種差異性映射出清政府外交政策的發(fā)展與變化:相比在琉球爭(zhēng)端中,清政府更加積極地去力保朝鮮不失,其外交戰(zhàn)略要比琉球時(shí)期更加主動(dòng)與成熟。通過(guò)對(duì)兩策略的分析對(duì)比,我們能夠看到其中的相同與不同影響:相同影響有,一是朝鮮雖相比于琉球時(shí)期,清朝的外交更加主動(dòng),但都反映了清朝東亞外交意識(shí)的覺(jué)醒,二是不管是《琉球三策》還是《朝鮮策略》,正是由于在琉球和朝鮮前后兩時(shí)期對(duì)外情報(bào)收集工作的不足,使得策略不夠精細(xì)和針對(duì)性,難以挽救兩朝貢國(guó)的喪失;不同影響包括,一是失去琉球和朝鮮,導(dǎo)致清政府前沿緩沖地帶的缺失:丟琉球——東南沿海無(wú)屏障,失朝鮮——中國(guó)大陸直接暴露于列強(qiáng)面前,清朝形勢(shì)越來(lái)越危急;二是《琉球三策》所體現(xiàn)的是清朝的"被動(dòng)面對(duì)",而《朝鮮策略》所體現(xiàn)的是"主動(dòng)解決",從《琉球三策》提出并施行的"被動(dòng)調(diào)停"到《朝鮮策略》提出并落實(shí)的"主動(dòng)簽約",清朝對(duì)外關(guān)系的實(shí)踐有了一次巨大的飛躍變化,這種變化是以往所沒(méi)有的。
[Abstract]:Ryukyu and Korea had been the most closely related tributary countries to China in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Both were tributes and trade contacts to China as vassal states. China and Korea maintained good-neighborly and friendly relations and modern times. Ryukyu and North Korea were constantly harassed by Western powers, especially Japan, the tributary country was increasingly eroded, and the tributary system of the Qing Dynasty was constantly affected and perilous. Faced with such a crisis, Ryukyu and North Korea were confronted with such a crisis. Chinese diplomatic envoys he Ruzhang and Huang Zunxian put forward "Ryukyu three policies" and "Korean Strategy" to deal with them. The "Ryukyu three policies" promoted the realization of note events and foreign mediation. "Korea Strategy" promoted the written talk between Huang Zunxian and Kim Hong of Korea, and the signing of "DPRK-US Trade Treaty". Through the microcosmic comparative study of "Ryukyu three policies" and "Korean Strategy", we found that. The common cause of the Qing government's inability to protect Ryukyu and Korea was the Japanese invasion of Taiwan, Russian interference from beginning to end and the constant expansion of Japanese power. A variety of factors led to the Qing government can not preserve Ryukyu and Korea. At the same time, the Qing Dynasty in the treatment of Ryukyu and North Korea have different attitudes, this difference is reflected in: different military strategies. From support to positive response, from transportation to trade, this difference reflects the development and changes of Qing government's foreign policy: compared with the Ryukyu dispute. The Qing government was more active to protect North Korea, and its diplomatic strategy was more active and mature than the Ryukyu period. Through the analysis and comparison of the two strategies, we can see the same and different influence: the same influence. One is that North Korea's diplomacy was more active than Ryukyu period, but all reflected the awakening of diplomatic consciousness in East Asia of Qing Dynasty, and the second was whether it was "Ryukyu three policies" or "Korean Strategy". It is precisely because of the lack of foreign intelligence collection in Ryukyu and North Korea that the strategy is not precise and targeted, and it is difficult to save the loss of the two tributary countries. The different influences include the loss of Ryukyu and North Korea, which led to the loss of the front buffer zone of Qing government: the loss of Ryukyu-no barrier in the southeast coast, and the direct exposure of mainland China to the foreign powers. The situation of Qing Dynasty is becoming more and more critical; Second, the "three policies of Ryukyu" embodies the "passive face" of the Qing Dynasty, while the "Korean Strategy" embodies the "active settlement". From "passive mediation" put forward and implemented by "three policies of Ryukyu" to "active contract" put forward and implemented by "Korea Strategy", the practice of foreign relations in Qing Dynasty has undergone a great leap forward. The change was unprecedented.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：延邊大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K248

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