本文關(guān)鍵詞： 宋代 手工業(yè)者 生計(jì) 收入 消費(fèi)　出處：《西北大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：手工業(yè)者是宋代社會(huì)的主要群體之一,其生計(jì)是宋代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要方面。手工業(yè)者的生計(jì)主要包括收入和消費(fèi)兩個(gè)方面,不同行業(yè)的手工業(yè)者收入結(jié)構(gòu)有一定的區(qū)別。禁榷行業(yè)的手工業(yè)者收入多來(lái)自官府和買(mǎi),非禁榷行業(yè)的手工業(yè)者收入則多來(lái)自自由商品交換,其收入形式有糧食、貨幣、其他物資或是免除徭役的不同。手工業(yè)者群體收入差距懸殊,收入高者能與占田千畝的農(nóng)村大地主比肩,收入低者難以溫飽。手工業(yè)者的消費(fèi)類(lèi)型很多,最主要的是生存性消費(fèi)和生產(chǎn)性消費(fèi)。生存性消費(fèi)與手工業(yè)者家庭的收入水平關(guān)系最密切,收入微薄的手工業(yè)者衣食簡(jiǎn)陋,而豪富之家則開(kāi)支巨大,甚至轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樯莩尴M(fèi)。發(fā)展性消費(fèi)包括生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)和教育消費(fèi)兩個(gè)方面。生產(chǎn)性消費(fèi)是其能夠開(kāi)展生產(chǎn)與再生產(chǎn)的前提,有一定的身份性特點(diǎn),教育消費(fèi)則主要受到思想觀念的影響,即使家資微薄的手工業(yè)者也可能在這一方面花費(fèi)較多。手工業(yè)者生計(jì)受到諸多因素的影響,包括農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展水平、國(guó)家政策、社會(huì)環(huán)境、自我的意識(shí)與觀念等,這些因素引發(fā)物資供應(yīng)、市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系、貨幣流通、人身安全、再生產(chǎn)等方面的變化,從而影響手工業(yè)者的生計(jì)。總的來(lái)說(shuō),宋代手工業(yè)者生計(jì)水平較低,少有保障,謀生相對(duì)艱難。
[Abstract]:Handicraftsmen are one of the major groups in the Song Dynasty, whose livelihood is an important aspect of the social economy in the Song Dynasty. The livelihood of the handicraftsmen mainly includes two aspects: income and consumption. There are some differences in the income structure of handicraftsmen in different industries. Most of the income of handicraftsmen in debatable industries comes from government and buying, while that of handicraftsmen in non-debatable industries comes mostly from free commodity exchange. Its income form has grain, currency, other material or exempt from corvee. Handicraft group income disparity is wide, high income can be compared with the big rural landowner who occupies thousands of acres of farmland. It is difficult for the low income people to have enough to eat and clothing. There are many consumption types of handicrafts, the most important is survival consumption and productive consumption. The survival consumption is most closely related to the income level of handicraft families. Artisans with meagre incomes are poorly fed and clothed, while haughty families spend a lot of money. Development consumption includes production consumption and education consumption. Productive consumption is the premise of its production and reproduction and has certain identity characteristics. Education consumption is mainly influenced by ideology, even the handicrafts with small household resources may spend more in this area. The livelihood of handicrafts is affected by many factors, including the level of agricultural development. National policy, social environment, self-awareness and concept, these factors lead to material supply, market supply and demand relations, currency circulation, personal security, reproduction and other aspects of change. In general, the living level of handicrafts in the Song Dynasty was low, less secure, and relatively difficult to make a living.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：F429;K244
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本文編號(hào)：1467746