【摘要】： 民國(guó)時(shí)期山東的政局動(dòng)蕩，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)不斷，自然災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重。天災(zāi)人禍導(dǎo)致瘟疫頻繁發(fā)生。此時(shí)期疫情規(guī)模之大、疫病種類之多、疫區(qū)之廣、死亡人數(shù)之眾和社會(huì)危害之深，都是山東歷史上罕見的。瘟疫不僅嚴(yán)重影響著民眾的生命和健康，引起社會(huì)混亂，還嚴(yán)重阻滯政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、文化的發(fā)展，疫病不再僅僅是一個(gè)自然問題，更越來越明顯的成為政府必須要面對(duì)的社會(huì)問題。 瘟疫發(fā)生的原因，既有自然因素，又有社會(huì)因素。自然因素方面是因?yàn)槲烈呤怯勺匀淮嬖诘闹虏∥⑸锼�，非人力所能完全控制，連年不斷的災(zāi)荒為致病微生物提供了繁殖傳染的便利條件；但另一方面，瘟疫在人群中的爆發(fā)流行又都與一定人為因素相關(guān)，比如戰(zhàn)亂、人口密度、人口移動(dòng)、生活環(huán)境、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等等，就民國(guó)時(shí)期山東的疫情來說，顯然人禍的因素更大一些。當(dāng)然，疫病的發(fā)生，不僅僅是單個(gè)原因造成的，更大程度上是在眾多因素的合力作用下發(fā)生的。 面對(duì)瘟疫的肆虐，國(guó)民黨政府和共產(chǎn)黨政府，都采取了比較積極的防治政策和措施，各自相繼設(shè)立了專門的衛(wèi)生機(jī)關(guān)、防疫機(jī)構(gòu)、科研機(jī)關(guān)、傳染病醫(yī)院等，大力防治傳染病。這些機(jī)構(gòu)從省級(jí)延伸到地方，形成了比較正規(guī)的衛(wèi)生防疫網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系。這些機(jī)構(gòu)實(shí)際都包含防疫職能，能夠?qū)Ρ臼「鞯氐囊咔檫M(jìn)行管理和督導(dǎo)。 民國(guó)時(shí)期山東各級(jí)各界政府，都積極傳達(dá)、制定防疫政策和法規(guī)；積極注射防疫針；確立傳染病報(bào)告制度；改進(jìn)市政建設(shè)和公共衛(wèi)生；加強(qiáng)醫(yī)學(xué)教育和防疫宣傳；鼓勵(lì)慈善機(jī)構(gòu)、醫(yī)學(xué)團(tuán)體的建立和發(fā)展。這些舉措的實(shí)施，，使得各個(gè)政府對(duì)自己轄區(qū)內(nèi)疫病的控制能力大大增強(qiáng)，民國(guó)時(shí)期山東衛(wèi)生防疫事業(yè)逐步走向現(xiàn)代化。 民國(guó)時(shí)期的防疫政策具有鮮明的時(shí)代特征。各政府注意加強(qiáng)防疫建設(shè)，逐步確立了從省到地方基層防疫體系；山東的防疫事業(yè)起步較晚，醫(yī)療技術(shù)水平落后；防疫過程中存在明顯的重城市輕農(nóng)村、治重于防的現(xiàn)象；防疫政策缺乏連續(xù)性；醫(yī)療經(jīng)費(fèi)不足，防疫舉措的實(shí)施缺乏資金的支撐。政府防疫發(fā)揮了舉足輕重的主導(dǎo)作用，在很大程度上遏制了疫病的肆虐，促進(jìn)了衛(wèi)生防疫事業(yè)的發(fā)展，防疫法規(guī)進(jìn)一步完善，民眾的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣有所改善，防疫意識(shí)明顯增強(qiáng)，民眾心態(tài)由迷信逐步走向理性，對(duì)現(xiàn)代化的防疫手段有排拒走向認(rèn)同，并有利于城市現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。但是，民國(guó)時(shí)期山東政局動(dòng)蕩、戰(zhàn)事連綿、自然災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重、醫(yī)療技術(shù)水平低、經(jīng)濟(jì)落后、不良生活習(xí)俗等一系列因素的存在，共同制約了防疫政策的貫徹執(zhí)行和實(shí)際效果。
[Abstract]:During the Republic of China, Shandong's political situation was volatile, wars continued, and natural disasters were serious. Natural and man-made disasters cause pestilence to occur frequently. In this period, the scale of epidemic situation, the variety of epidemic diseases, the wide range of epidemic areas, the number of deaths and the depth of social harm are rare in the history of Shandong Province. Plague not only seriously affects the life and health of the people and causes social chaos, but also seriously hinders the development of politics, economy, military and culture. Epidemic disease is no longer just a natural problem, but also becomes more and more obvious a social problem that the government must face. There are both natural and social factors in the cause of plague. In terms of natural factors, plague is caused by natural pathogenic microorganisms, which can not be completely controlled by manpower, and the continuous famine provides convenient conditions for the reproduction and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. On the other hand, the epidemic of plague in the population is related to certain human factors, such as war, population density, population movement, living environment, social and economic conditions and customs, and so on. As far as the epidemic situation in Shandong during the Republic of China is concerned, it is obvious that the factors of man-made disaster are greater. Of course, the occurrence of epidemic disease is not only caused by a single cause, to a greater extent, it occurs under the joint action of many factors. In the face of the raging plague, both the Kuomintang government and the Communist government have adopted relatively active prevention and control policies and measures, each of which has set up special health organs, epidemic prevention institutions, scientific research institutions, infectious disease hospitals, and so on, to vigorously prevent and control infectious diseases. These institutions extend from the provincial level to the local level, forming a more formal health and epidemic prevention network system. These institutions actually include epidemic prevention functions and can manage and supervise the epidemic situation in various parts of the province. During the period of the Republic of China, governments from all walks of life in Shandong actively conveyed and formulated policies and regulations on epidemic prevention; actively injected vaccination needles; established an infectious disease reporting system; improved municipal construction and public health; strengthened medical education and propaganda; and encouraged the establishment and development of charities and medical organizations. With the implementation of these measures, the ability of each government to control epidemic diseases in its own jurisdiction has been greatly enhanced, and the cause of health and epidemic prevention in Shandong has gradually moved towards modernization during the Republic of China. The epidemic prevention policy in the Republic of China had distinct characteristics of the times. The governments have paid attention to strengthening the construction of epidemic prevention and gradually established the epidemic prevention system from provincial to local grass-roots level; the cause of epidemic prevention in Shandong started relatively late and the level of medical technology is backward; in the process of epidemic prevention, there is obvious emphasis on urban areas over rural areas, and the prevention policy is lack of continuity; medical funds are insufficient, and the implementation of epidemic prevention measures is not supported by funds. The government has played an important leading role in epidemic prevention, curbed the raging of epidemic diseases to a great extent, promoted the development of health and epidemic prevention, further improved the epidemic prevention laws and regulations, improved the people's health habits, obviously strengthened the awareness of epidemic prevention, gradually changed the mentality of the people from superstition to rationality, refused to identify with the modern means of epidemic prevention, and was conducive to the construction of urban modernization. However, the existence of a series of factors, such as political instability, continuous war, serious natural disasters, low level of medical technology, backward economy, bad living customs and so on, together restricted the implementation and practical effect of epidemic prevention policy in Shandong Province during the period of the Republic of China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2007
【分類號(hào)】：K258;K295.2

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