近代山西移民與鄉(xiāng)村社會
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-25 19:48
【摘要】：19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初,受災(zāi)荒、戰(zhàn)亂等因素的影響,華北鄉(xiāng)村社會發(fā)生了巨大變遷,大量災(zāi)民從各處涌向了山西。從時間上看,近代山西移民始于清末的“丁戊奇荒”,盛于動蕩不安的民國,在抗戰(zhàn)時期達到頂峰,建國后因政局的穩(wěn)定與全國性的集體經(jīng)濟而趨于平緩。從空間上看,山西省移民數(shù)量呈由南向北遞減之勢,外來移民主要集中于晉南、晉東南地區(qū)。從籍貫上,移民主要來自冀、魯、豫三省,還有徽、湘、贛、川等跨區(qū)域移民。從原因來看,是歷史、生態(tài)、區(qū)位、社會、文化等一系列因素共同作用的結(jié)果,人地關(guān)系的失衡是人口流動的根本性因素。從數(shù)量上看,近代遷往山西移民的總量超過150萬,屬于重大的移民遷徙事件。移民入遷對山西鄉(xiāng)村人口結(jié)構(gòu)、社會結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)、聚落形態(tài)等均造成一定影響,也引發(fā)了相應(yīng)的社會問題。以人口流動為切入點,有利于理解近代華北鄉(xiāng)村由“封閉”向“開放”的轉(zhuǎn)變過程。大量移民進入導(dǎo)致的資源分配問題是土客之間矛盾糾紛的根源。大量逃荒人群的涌入,在村莊中形成了一個特殊的群體——外來戶。為了生存,這些逃荒人群歷盡艱辛、落足異鄉(xiāng)。作為一無所有的外鄉(xiāng)人,他們在耕地、住房、婚姻、政治等方面都處于邊緣地位,只能依靠出賣勞動力、租種土地、借貸等來維持生計。這樣,外來戶與村中的一些老戶就自然形成了雇傭、租佃、借貸的關(guān)系。外來戶為了獲得村莊的“入住權(quán)”,成為村子里的人,在土地之外,最重要的是建立自己的親緣與地緣網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在親緣上,外來戶通過過繼、認干親、拜把子等模擬血緣關(guān)系;男性入贅、女性嫁入等姻親關(guān)系與本地人建立聯(lián)系,逐漸在村中生根。在地緣上,外來移民之間相互通婚,在生產(chǎn)與生活上相互協(xié)助與扶持,逐漸形成移民的社會文化網(wǎng)絡(luò),與本地人相處與競爭。外來戶以佃農(nóng)或雇農(nóng)身份維持生計,成為近代鄉(xiāng)村社會的最底層,他們雖然努力適應(yīng)并融入當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?但在短時期內(nèi)通過經(jīng)濟手段很難實現(xiàn)翻身。革命來臨后,中共積極鼓勵底層群眾參加革命運動,外來戶便成為動員對象之一,抗戰(zhàn)時期,外來戶是根據(jù)地經(jīng)濟建設(shè)的重要力量,解放后,土改是對晚清以降人口流動性引發(fā)諸多社會問題的一次徹底解決和鄉(xiāng)村社會秩序的重建。土改運動,不僅使外來戶與老戶之間實現(xiàn)了財富分配的平等化,也使他們之間的關(guān)系實現(xiàn)了平等化。農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運動后,外來戶最終實現(xiàn)了與老戶傳統(tǒng)意義上的“入住權(quán)”平等。
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, affected by famine, war and other factors, the rural society in North China underwent great changes, and a large number of victims poured into Shanxi from all over. From the point of view of time, the modern Shanxi immigrants began from the "Dingwu Qi famine" in the late Qing Dynasty, flourished in the turbulent Republic of China, reached its peak during the War of Resistance against Japan, and after the founding of the people's Republic of China, it tended to level off because of the stability of the political situation and the national collective economy. From the spatial point of view, the number of immigrants in Shanxi Province is decreasing from south to north, and immigrants are mainly concentrated in southern Shanxi and southeast Shanxi. From the place of origin, immigrants mainly from Hebei, Shandong, Henan Province, as well as Hui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other cross-regional immigrants. The reason is the result of a series of factors, such as history, ecology, location, society, culture and so on. The imbalance of human-land relationship is the fundamental factor of population flow. In terms of quantity, the total number of emigrants to Shanxi in modern times exceeded 1.5 million, which is a major migration event. The immigration has a certain influence on the rural population structure, social structure, economic structure, settlement form and so on, which also causes the corresponding social problems. Taking population flow as the starting point is helpful to understand the transition process from "closed" to "open" in modern North China countryside. The problem of resource allocation caused by a large number of immigrants is the root of contradictions and disputes between natives. The influx of people fleeing famine formed a special group in the village-the outsider. In order to survive, these people fled the famine through hardships, falling into a foreign land. As destitute foreigners, they are marginalized in the fields of arable land, housing, marriage, politics and so on. They can only make a living by selling labor, renting land, borrowing and so on. In this way, foreign households and some of the village's old households naturally formed employment, tenancy, loan relationship. In order to gain the right to live in the village, the foreign households become the people of the village. Besides the land, the most important thing is to establish one's own kinship and geographical network. In the kinship, foreign households through adoptions, recognition of relatives, worshipers and other simulated blood relations; male into the burden, women married into other in-laws to establish ties with the local people, gradually take root in the village. Geographically, immigrants intermarry each other, assist and support each other in production and life, gradually form a social and cultural network of immigrants, get along with local people and compete with each other. As tenants or farmers, they become the bottom of the modern rural society. Although they try to adapt and integrate into the local society, it is very difficult for them to turn over through economic means in a short period of time. After the advent of the revolution, the CPC actively encouraged the masses at the bottom to participate in the revolutionary movement, and foreign households became one of the targets of mobilization. During the War of Resistance against Japan, foreign households were an important force in the economic construction of base areas, and after liberation, Land reform was a thorough solution to many social problems caused by reducing population mobility in the late Qing Dynasty and the reconstruction of rural social order. The land reform movement not only made the distribution of wealth equal between the outside households and the old households, but also made the relations between them equal. After the agricultural cooperative movement, the foreign households finally realized the equality with the old households in the traditional sense.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K29
本文編號：2357203
[Abstract]:At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, affected by famine, war and other factors, the rural society in North China underwent great changes, and a large number of victims poured into Shanxi from all over. From the point of view of time, the modern Shanxi immigrants began from the "Dingwu Qi famine" in the late Qing Dynasty, flourished in the turbulent Republic of China, reached its peak during the War of Resistance against Japan, and after the founding of the people's Republic of China, it tended to level off because of the stability of the political situation and the national collective economy. From the spatial point of view, the number of immigrants in Shanxi Province is decreasing from south to north, and immigrants are mainly concentrated in southern Shanxi and southeast Shanxi. From the place of origin, immigrants mainly from Hebei, Shandong, Henan Province, as well as Hui, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and other cross-regional immigrants. The reason is the result of a series of factors, such as history, ecology, location, society, culture and so on. The imbalance of human-land relationship is the fundamental factor of population flow. In terms of quantity, the total number of emigrants to Shanxi in modern times exceeded 1.5 million, which is a major migration event. The immigration has a certain influence on the rural population structure, social structure, economic structure, settlement form and so on, which also causes the corresponding social problems. Taking population flow as the starting point is helpful to understand the transition process from "closed" to "open" in modern North China countryside. The problem of resource allocation caused by a large number of immigrants is the root of contradictions and disputes between natives. The influx of people fleeing famine formed a special group in the village-the outsider. In order to survive, these people fled the famine through hardships, falling into a foreign land. As destitute foreigners, they are marginalized in the fields of arable land, housing, marriage, politics and so on. They can only make a living by selling labor, renting land, borrowing and so on. In this way, foreign households and some of the village's old households naturally formed employment, tenancy, loan relationship. In order to gain the right to live in the village, the foreign households become the people of the village. Besides the land, the most important thing is to establish one's own kinship and geographical network. In the kinship, foreign households through adoptions, recognition of relatives, worshipers and other simulated blood relations; male into the burden, women married into other in-laws to establish ties with the local people, gradually take root in the village. Geographically, immigrants intermarry each other, assist and support each other in production and life, gradually form a social and cultural network of immigrants, get along with local people and compete with each other. As tenants or farmers, they become the bottom of the modern rural society. Although they try to adapt and integrate into the local society, it is very difficult for them to turn over through economic means in a short period of time. After the advent of the revolution, the CPC actively encouraged the masses at the bottom to participate in the revolutionary movement, and foreign households became one of the targets of mobilization. During the War of Resistance against Japan, foreign households were an important force in the economic construction of base areas, and after liberation, Land reform was a thorough solution to many social problems caused by reducing population mobility in the late Qing Dynasty and the reconstruction of rural social order. The land reform movement not only made the distribution of wealth equal between the outside households and the old households, but also made the relations between them equal. After the agricultural cooperative movement, the foreign households finally realized the equality with the old households in the traditional sense.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K29
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