本文選題：沱江流域 + 蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)��； 參考：《華中師范大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：四川省種蔗制糖的歷史較為久遠(yuǎn),據(jù)《糖霜譜》(王灼著,書成于1164年)記載,北宋年間四川省遂寧一帶已經(jīng)種蔗榨糖。此后,因戰(zhàn)亂而一度中斷,清康熙五十五年(1716年),福建人曾達(dá)一自福建老家?guī)碚岱N,使一度中斷的甘蔗種植又在川省興盛起來。 沱江流域位于四川省中部,年平均氣溫約為18度,年降水量約為1千毫米,較適宜種植甘蔗。無論是從植蔗面積、蔗糖產(chǎn)量看,還是從手工制糖技術(shù)看,該流域的蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)在省內(nèi)均處在領(lǐng)頭羊地位,它代表了近代川省糖業(yè)的發(fā)展水平。清末民初,四川糖業(yè)的發(fā)展迎來了第一次鼎盛時(shí)期。之后,四川省糖業(yè)雖因外糖入侵及軍閥橫征暴斂而有所衰落,但是,在抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)前,其糖品產(chǎn)量仍一直在全國處于領(lǐng)先地位。在這一段時(shí)間內(nèi),該流域的糖業(yè)發(fā)展較少受到行政方面的干預(yù),屬于“自由市場”階段。在這個(gè)階段中,傳統(tǒng)糖業(yè)習(xí)俗在糖業(yè)發(fā)展中起到了重要的推動(dòng)及制約作用�？箲�(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,政府從抗戰(zhàn)建國的目的出發(fā),對四川糖業(yè)實(shí)施了一系列統(tǒng)制政策,自此,糖業(yè)進(jìn)入“統(tǒng)制市場”階段。 在“自由市場”階段,該流域蔗農(nóng)的植蔗習(xí)慣,糖品的產(chǎn)銷格局,“賣預(yù)貨”、“期場交易”、“經(jīng)紀(jì)人制度”等糖業(yè)習(xí)俗的影響,以及蔗農(nóng)家庭經(jīng)營方式的變動(dòng)等內(nèi)容,共同構(gòu)筑了蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展優(yōu)勢,這一優(yōu)勢不僅是糖業(yè)持續(xù)發(fā)展的憑借,也是戰(zhàn)時(shí)政府對四川糖業(yè)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)制的依據(jù)。 在“統(tǒng)制市場”階段,政府對糖業(yè)實(shí)施了一系列的統(tǒng)制政策。在統(tǒng)制產(chǎn)能方面,戰(zhàn)前該流域手工制糖技術(shù)已具有高度專業(yè)化的水平,并在全國所處的領(lǐng)先地位,但與新式機(jī)器制糖業(yè)相比仍有諸多不足。戰(zhàn)時(shí),為了保證糖業(yè)產(chǎn)能,政府一方面成立四川省農(nóng)改所甘蔗試驗(yàn)場,從事土法制糖技術(shù)改良活動(dòng)；另一方面從政策及資金兩方面支持建立一批近代半機(jī)械化制糖廠。技術(shù)的革新推動(dòng)了糖業(yè)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系的變革：其一,家庭副業(yè)性質(zhì)的傳統(tǒng)制糖方式向以市場為導(dǎo)向的近代手工工場性質(zhì)制糖方式轉(zhuǎn)變；其二,股份制機(jī)制糖廠出現(xiàn)。糖業(yè)內(nèi)部不同生產(chǎn)方式的并存,為理解民族機(jī)器工業(yè)與近代手工業(yè)之間關(guān)系提供了另外一種面相。 在統(tǒng)制融資方面,政府一方面對蔗農(nóng)實(shí)施合作貸款,著力化解傳統(tǒng)資金融通手段(賣預(yù)貨及借高利貸)對蔗農(nóng)的束縛；另一方面責(zé)令銀行機(jī)構(gòu)在川省普設(shè)網(wǎng)點(diǎn),把糖商資金融通渠道由轉(zhuǎn)借錢莊、商鋪而轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橄⒔桡y行。在這個(gè)過程中,政府完成了對糖業(yè)的金融控制,不過,蔗農(nóng)、糖商所借之資往往是杯水車薪,金融業(yè)并未給糖業(yè)帶來實(shí)質(zhì)性的資金動(dòng)力。另外,戰(zhàn)時(shí)川省金融業(yè)快速發(fā)展的原因,既有政府政策支持的主觀因素,也有物價(jià)上漲導(dǎo)致銀錢業(yè)獲利頗豐而刺激該業(yè)發(fā)展的客觀形勢。該流域發(fā)達(dá)的蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)一步整合這兩方面的因素,推動(dòng)了銀錢業(yè)的迅猛發(fā)展,因此,完全把銀錢業(yè)發(fā)展歸因于蔗糖業(yè),并用“糖業(yè)金融”概念去描述它的做法是值得商榷的。 在統(tǒng)制糖品供需方面,抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,政府實(shí)行酒精代汽油辦法,以保障國防及大后方交通運(yùn)輸對液體燃料的需求,隨即加強(qiáng)了對酒精生產(chǎn)原料糖品供需的統(tǒng)制,這一統(tǒng)制可分為兩個(gè)階段：統(tǒng)購、限價(jià)(1939年10月-1942年2月),配購、定價(jià)(1942年2月-1944年7月)。不論是從大后方酒精工業(yè)的形成發(fā)展角度來看,還是從酒精在抗戰(zhàn)建國中的作用角度來看,戰(zhàn)時(shí)酒精生產(chǎn)統(tǒng)制都是值得肯定的。酒精生產(chǎn)原料糖品供需的統(tǒng)制是保障酒精生產(chǎn)的前提條件,該項(xiàng)統(tǒng)制不僅是糖業(yè)統(tǒng)制中的重要組成部分,也是液體燃料統(tǒng)制中的重要一環(huán)。 在統(tǒng)制蔗糖價(jià)格方面,從自由交易性質(zhì)的“賣預(yù)貨”習(xí)俗到強(qiáng)制性的價(jià)格安排——蔗糖評價(jià)制度,政府本意是通過限定價(jià)格來干預(yù)蔗農(nóng)與糖房(漏棚)之間的交易,維護(hù)蔗農(nóng)利益,促進(jìn)蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,并穩(wěn)定地方社會(huì),從而達(dá)到為抗戰(zhàn)建國服務(wù)的目的。但是,隨著抗戰(zhàn)的持續(xù)進(jìn)行,物價(jià)急速上漲,政府所限定的蔗糖成本價(jià)格,反過來成為蔗農(nóng)獲利的障礙。因此,糖業(yè)內(nèi)部蔗農(nóng)與糖商的糾紛,外化為蔗農(nóng)群體與政府的矛盾。尤其是在內(nèi)江、資中兩地,蔗農(nóng)年年請?jiān)?糾紛愈演愈烈,甚至發(fā)展到蔗農(nóng)搗毀縣政府的暴動(dòng)。政府與民眾交惡,社會(huì)日益失序,蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展受到嚴(yán)重的影響。 另外,在1942年至1944年期間,政府在川康區(qū)實(shí)施食糖專賣政策,“全面干預(yù)”川省糖業(yè)的發(fā)展,該政策的實(shí)施標(biāo)志著政府對糖業(yè)的統(tǒng)制達(dá)到了頂峰。從政策的實(shí)施過程看,政府無力全面干預(yù)整個(gè)糖業(yè),而僅僅管制糖品儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸兩個(gè)方面,借此達(dá)到其“寓稅于價(jià)”的目的。同時(shí),政府也通過專賣政策的實(shí)施,部分完成了中央勢力對四川地方社會(huì)的滲透。但是,由于自身的設(shè)計(jì)不足以及實(shí)施過程中的種種弊端,該政策給糖業(yè)發(fā)展帶來了諸多不利影響。 從這一時(shí)期沱江流域糖業(yè)的整個(gè)發(fā)展趨勢來看,該區(qū)域蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展有起有落,但始終是向前發(fā)展的。在向前發(fā)展的過程中,蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)有兩個(gè)顯著的特點(diǎn)：一是由自在發(fā)展階段過渡統(tǒng)制發(fā)展階段；二是制糖方式經(jīng)歷由傳統(tǒng)到現(xiàn)代的轉(zhuǎn)變。但是,我們看到糖業(yè)向前發(fā)展的同時(shí),也應(yīng)看到其發(fā)展并非具有可持續(xù)性,因?yàn)檫@種發(fā)展并非是在糖品市場得到新的拓展及制糖技術(shù)有了重大突破的情況下取得的。清末民初,該區(qū)域蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)迎來第一次發(fā)展高峰,分析其原因,不難發(fā)展,期間包含了很多偶然性因素。戰(zhàn)時(shí),該區(qū)域蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)又迎來了一次快速發(fā)展階段,然而,這次發(fā)展多歸因于政府的超經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)制。而在抗戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)后,國民政府把糖業(yè)的發(fā)展納入其統(tǒng)制經(jīng)濟(jì)的范疇內(nèi),寓榨取于統(tǒng)制之中,進(jìn)一步打擊了業(yè)糖者的信心,自1940年以后,該流域的糖業(yè)呈現(xiàn)出不同程度的衰退。因此,不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其發(fā)展呈“悖論型”發(fā)展模式,既有發(fā)展的一面,又有危機(jī)甚至是衰退的一面。而從經(jīng)濟(jì)增長理論來看,沱江流域蔗糖經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展是介于廣泛性增長及斯密型增長兩種增長模式之間,其經(jīng)濟(jì)總量的增長一方面在于勞動(dòng)分工和專業(yè)化的推動(dòng),另一方面,也是主要方面,在于同類種植農(nóng)戶的增加。
[Abstract]:The history of sugarcane sugar production in Sichuan was relatively long. According to the "sugar cream" (Wang Zhuozhuo, 1164), sugarcane sugar was planted in the Suining area of Sichuan Province during the Northern Song Dynasty. After the war, it was interrupted for a time. In the fifty-five years (1716) of the Qing Dynasty, the people of Fu Jian brought sugarcane from Fujian's old home, making the once interrupted sugarcane planting in Sichuan Province. Flourishing.
The Tuojiang River Basin is located in the middle of Sichuan province. The annual average temperature is about 18 degrees and the annual precipitation is about 1 thousand millimeter. It is more suitable for planting sugarcane. Whether it is from the area of sugarcane planting, sucrose production, or from the technology of hand making sugar, the sucrose economy in this basin is in the leading position in the province. It represents the development level of the sugar industry in Modern Sichuan Province. At the beginning, the development of Sichuan sugar industry came into its first heyday. After that, although the sugar industry in Sichuan declined because of the invasion of the sugar and the warlords, the sugar production was still in the leading position in the country before the outbreak of the war of resistance. "Free market" stage. In this stage, the traditional sugar industry has played an important role in the development of sugar industry. After the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, the government started a series of unified policies on the Sichuan sugar industry from the purpose of the Anti Japanese War and the founding of the nation. From this, the sugar industry has entered the "system market" stage.
In the "free market" stage, the sugarcane planting habit, the pattern of sugar production and marketing, the influence of "selling pre goods", "the period trading", "brokers system" and the changes of the management mode of the sugarcane growers, together with the advantages of the sugar economy, are not only the advantages of the continuous development of sugar industry. It is also the basis for the wartime government to control the sugar industry in Sichuan.
In the "unified market" stage, the government has carried out a series of control policies on the sugar industry. In the area of production capacity, the manual sugar technology in the pre war basin has been highly specialized and has a leading position in the country, but still has many shortcomings compared with the new machine sugar industry. In order to ensure the sugar industry capacity, the government is on the one hand. Set up the sugarcane test field of Sichuan agricultural reform institute, engaged in the improvement activities of soil law sugar technology, on the other hand, support the establishment of a batch of modern semi mechanized sugar production plant from two aspects of policy and capital. In addition, the coexistence of different modes of production in the sugar industry provides a different face for understanding the relationship between the national machine industry and the modern handicraft industry.
On the one hand, the government carries out cooperative loans to the sugarcane farmers on the one hand, and tries to dissolve the bondage of the traditional financing means (selling pre goods and borrowing high interest) to the sugarcane growers. On the other hand, the bank has ordered the banking institutions to set up a network in Sichuan Province to convert the financing channels of sugar merchants from the banks to the loan banks. In this process, the government The financial control of the sugar industry has been completed, however, the sugarcane growers and the sugar merchants often borrow money, and the financial industry does not bring substantial funds to the sugar industry. In addition, the rapid development of the financial industry in the wartime province has both the subjective factors of the government policy support and the rise in the price of the silver money industry to stimulate the development of the industry. The objective situation is that the developed sucrose economy in the basin further integrates these two factors and promotes the rapid development of the silver money industry. Therefore, it is questionable to attribute the development of the silver money industry to the sugarcane industry and to describe its practice with the concept of "sugar industry finance".
In the control of sugar supply and demand, after the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, the government implemented a method of replacing the gasoline with alcohol to ensure the demand for liquid fuel in the national defense and the rear, and then strengthened the control of the supply and demand of sugar products in alcohol production. This system can be divided into two stages: purchase, limited price (February -1942, October 1939), distribution, pricing (1942 2). In July, -1944. Whether it is from the perspective of the formation and development of the alcohol industry in the rear, or from the point of view of the role of alcohol in the Anti Japanese War and the founding of the people's Republic of China, the control of the production of alcohol in wartime is worth affirming. The control of the supply and demand of sugar in the raw material of alcohol production is the precondition of ensuring the production of alcohol, and the control is not only the heavy control of the sugar industry. It is also an important part of the control of liquid fuels.
In terms of controlling the price of sucrose, from the free trading nature of "selling pre goods" custom to mandatory price arrangement - the sucrose evaluation system, the government aims to intervene the transaction between sugarcane farmers and sugar houses (leaky sheds) by limiting the price, safeguard the interests of sugarcane growers, promote the economic development of sucrose, and stabilize the local society, thus achieving the Anti Japanese War and the founding of the nation. However, with the continuous progress of the war of resistance and the rapid rise in prices, the cost of sugar limited by the government, in turn, has become an obstacle to the profit of the sugarcane growers. Therefore, the dispute between sugarcane growers and sugar merchants in the sugar industry is a contradiction between the sugarcane farmers and the government. Especially in the inner river, the annual petitions of the sugarcane growers are becoming more and more serious, Even the development of sugarcane farmers to destroy the riots of the county government. The government is in conflict with the public, and the society is losing its order. The development of sucrose economy has been seriously affected.
In addition, during the period from 1942 to 1944, the government implemented the sugar monopoly policy in Chuan Kang District, "comprehensively intervening" the development of sugar industry in Sichuan Province. The implementation of this policy marks the peak of the government's control over the sugar industry. From the implementation of the policy, the government is unable to intervene the whole sugar industry in an all-round way, but only control sugar storage and transport two aspects. At the same time, the government, through the implementation of the monopoly policy, partially completed the infiltration of the central forces to the local society of Sichuan. However, because of its lack of design and the various drawbacks in the implementation process, the policy has brought many adverse effects on the development of sugar industry.
From the whole development trend of the sugar industry in the Tuojiang River Basin in this period, the development of the sugar economy in this region has been falling, but it has always developed forward. In the process of forward development, the sucrose economy has two remarkable characteristics: the first is the transition from the stage of free development to the stage of development, and the two is that the way of sugar making is from traditional to modern. However, when we see the development of the sugar industry, we should also see that the development is not sustainable, because this development is not a new development in the sugar market and a major breakthrough in sugar technology. In the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, the first development peak was ushered in the sugar economy in the region. It was not difficult to analyze its cause. In the period of wartime, the sugar economy in the region had a rapid development stage. However, this development was attributed to the government's super economic coercion. After the outbreak of the war of resistance, the national government brought the development of sugar into the model of its unified economy and squeezed it into control, and further attacked the industry. The sugar industry's confidence in the sugar industry has been declining in varying degrees since 1940. Therefore, it is not difficult to find that its development is "paradoxical" development model, with both development and crisis and even recession. From the theory of economic growth, the development of sucrose economy in the Tuojiang River Basin is in the range of extensive growth and Smith. Between the two growth modes, the growth of the total economic aggregate lies in the promotion of division of labor and specialization, on the other hand, the main aspect, and the increase of farmers of the same kind.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類號(hào)】：K297.2

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