本文選題：山西村治　切入點：國家行政　出處：《首都師范大學》2007年博士論文

【摘要】： 自1917年至1928年,閻錫山主政下的山西行政當局進行了內(nèi)容廣泛的村政改革與村治建設,開展了影響深遠的村自治運動,史稱“山西村治”。這種改革與建設是清末以來的地方政治改革的延續(xù),也是閻錫山治晉理念的具體實踐�！吧轿鞔逯巍币环矫胬^承了中國強勢國家行政與鄉(xiāng)里自治的傳統(tǒng),另一方面也吸收了近代西方的民主法制和地方自治理念,并借鑒了日本的町村制度。其宗旨是謀求將國家行政與鄉(xiāng)村自治進行整合,以實現(xiàn)國家對鄉(xiāng)村的有效管理和鄉(xiāng)村社會自身的有序發(fā)展。 縱觀近現(xiàn)代歷史,中國近代的地方行政體制改革和鄉(xiāng)村社會制度改革,核心問題是國家行政與鄉(xiāng)村社會的有效整合。而“山西村治”運動的宗旨恰好與之共通,可以說“山西村治”正是近現(xiàn)代中國整合國家與社會的一個典型范例。筆者在本文中,從國家行政深入鄉(xiāng)村社會、建立村民自治、整合鄉(xiāng)村社會勢力和運用行政力量推動文化變革四個方面對“山西村治”進行了系統(tǒng)的專題研究。具體內(nèi)容如下: 第一章:敘述山西的歷史地理特點、傳統(tǒng)社會鄉(xiāng)村組織的特點以及近代山西鄉(xiāng)村社會政治、經(jīng)濟危機,勾畫山西村治的歷史背景。 第二章:介紹“山西村治”運動的倡導者、運動的發(fā)展過程及主要內(nèi)容。 第三章:剖析“山西村治”運動倡導者運用行政力量將山西鄉(xiāng)村社會事務納入國家行政。通過強化省級行政的鄉(xiāng)村管理職能、創(chuàng)設區(qū)一級行政、建立具有雙重性質(zhì)的行政村,將鄉(xiāng)村社會事務的治理作為縣區(qū)行政的中心工作,從而根本改變了傳統(tǒng)社會縣以下不設治,很少履行鄉(xiāng)村社會建設職能的局面,基本實現(xiàn)了將鄉(xiāng)村社會事務納入國家行政的行政改革目標,為深入推進村治提供了政治前提和基本保證。 第四章:首先介紹了村自治制度設計的具體內(nèi)容——通過建立村公所、村民會議、村監(jiān)察委員會、息訟會、保衛(wèi)團、村禁約等一整套具有現(xiàn)代民主、法制意義的村自治制度,嘗試在中國傳統(tǒng)的鄉(xiāng)村“自治”之上,嫁接西方的地方自治制度,實現(xiàn)鄉(xiāng)村社會的有序化。其次,通過官方資料和學者調(diào)查資料,全面反映村自治的具體實施情況,總結(jié)各縣制度實施的具體特點。再次,分析并揭示“山西村治”運動體現(xiàn)的注重傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代的結(jié)合、注重普通民眾的“直接民權(quán)”、“官治”滲透自治三個突出特點。 第五章:“山西村治”培育、吸納學生、教員和商人參與村政改革和鄉(xiāng)村建設,同時對士紳、家族勢力和舊鄉(xiāng)地人員根據(jù)情況實行打擊、改造和利用政策,較大程度地將國家行政之外的各種社會勢力納入了國家行政的軌道。 第六章:村治運動中,山西行政當局順應當時歷史潮流,運用行政力量,通過興辦各項教育事業(yè)、革新傳統(tǒng)道德、倫理和風俗,進行了一場轟轟烈烈的社會文化變革,試圖從根本上解決傳統(tǒng)科學技術(shù)落后、農(nóng)村人才匱乏、觀念保守落后等問題。 第七章:從政治、經(jīng)濟、社會、文化四個角度評價“山西村治”的得失,進而闡釋“山西村治”的現(xiàn)實意義。 “山西村治”在當時對其他省區(qū)乃至全國的縣政和鄉(xiāng)村建設,都產(chǎn)生了不可忽視的影響;對于今天的地方行政改革和農(nóng)村基層民主建設,也有極強的借鑒意義。它所反映的中國農(nóng)村政治、經(jīng)濟、社會、文化等問題,時至今日依然或多或少地存在著,通過對“山西村治”的全面分析,尤其是通過分析其面臨的時代困局以及實施困境,有助于我們更清楚地認識當前鄉(xiāng)村基層改革與建設中所面臨的問題,啟發(fā)更深入的思考。 在研究中,筆者力求在理論構(gòu)建、方法選擇等方面有所創(chuàng)新。大體而言,主要體現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面: 一、選取新的研究視角。筆者嘗試從歷史宏觀的角度研究民國時期(1917-1928)“山西村治”運動,全面揭示其政治、經(jīng)濟、社會和文化問題,力圖徹底擺脫單純以階級斗爭、民族意識為主線的研究思路和方法。從歷史和現(xiàn)實的思考中,綜合運用歷史學、政治學、社會學、經(jīng)濟學、文化學理論,構(gòu)建國家行政與鄉(xiāng)村自治整合這一理論框架,并用該理論框架來審視和評價所研究的歷史事件。 二、學術(shù)觀點、理論有所創(chuàng)新。筆者首次在論文中揭示民國時期(1917-1928)“山西村治”運動的內(nèi)在精神為山西改革者試圖通過整合國家行政、地方自治、鄉(xiāng)村社會勢力,建設鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟和建構(gòu)鄉(xiāng)村社會文化,來建設一個有效的國家行政和有序的鄉(xiāng)村社會,并在構(gòu)建整合國家行政與鄉(xiāng)村社會理論框架的基礎上對該歷史事件進行評價,以期為當代國家基層行政改革與“村民自治”提供了歷史借鑒和現(xiàn)實的思考。
[Abstract]:From 1917 to 1928, the Shanxi administration under the government of Yan Xishan conducted extensive reform of the village government and village construction, carry out the village autonomy movement far-reaching, known as the "village autonomy of Shanxi". This is a continuation of the reform and construction of the local political reform since the end of the Qing Dynasty, it is the practice of Yan Xishan Zhi Jin the concept of "village autonomy of Shanxi" on the one hand, inherited the China strong national administration and village autonomy tradition, on the other hand also absorb the democratic legal system and local autonomy in the west, and from the Japanese village system. Its purpose is to seek the integration of national administration and village autonomy, in order to achieve the orderly development the state of the country's efficient administration and rural society itself.
Throughout the modern history, Chinese modern reform of local administrative system and rural social system reform, the core issue is the effective integration of national administration and village society. "Village autonomy of Shanxi" movement coincided with the common purpose, it can be said that the "village autonomy of Shanxi" is a typical example of modern China and the integration of the state the society. In this article, from the State Administration into the rural society, the establishment of integrated rural villagers' autonomy, social forces and the use of administrative power to promote the four aspects of cultural change is a monographic study on the system of "village autonomy of Shanxi". The specific contents are as follows:
The first chapter describes the historical and geographical characteristics of Shanxi, the characteristics of the rural organizations in the traditional society, the social politics and economic crisis in modern Shanxi, and outlines the historical background of Shanxi's village governance.
The second chapter introduces the initiator of the "Shanxi village governance" movement, the development process and the main content of the movement.
The third chapter: analysis of "village autonomy of Shanxi" advocates the use of administrative power to Shanxi rural social affairs into national administration. By strengthening the provincial administrative villages management function, the creation of the district level administrative establishment, with the dual nature of the administrative villages, the rural social affairs governance as the county administrative center, which changed the traditional society in the county following no rule, rarely fulfill the rural social construction function of the situation, the basic realization of the rural social affairs in the national administrative administrative reform goal, to further promote the village governance and provides the basic guarantee of political premise.
The fourth chapter introduces the specific by setting up the village, the villagers meeting content design of village autonomy system, village commission, interest litigation, security group, village about a set of modern democracy and legal significance of village self-government system, trying to Chinese traditional village autonomy, local autonomy on the west, realize the orderly rural society. Secondly, through the official data and scholars survey data, the specific implementation of a comprehensive reflection of the situation of village autonomy, summarize the specific characteristics of the implementation of the system of counties. Thirdly, the paper reveals the "village autonomy of Shanxi" pay attention to the combination of traditional and modern, pay attention to ordinary people "the civil rights", "official governance" penetration of autonomy has three prominent characteristics.
The fifth chapter: "village autonomy of Shanxi" to cultivate, recruit students, teachers and businessmen to participate in the reform of village administration and village construction, and the gentry, family forces and old country personnel according to the implementation of combat, the transformation and utilization policy, greatly to various social forces outside the State Administration into the national administrative track.
The sixth chapter: the movement of village governance in Shanxi, the administrative authorities conform to the historical trend of the time, the use of administrative power, through the establishment of various education, reform the traditional morality, ethics and customs, carried out a field with vigour and vitality social and cultural change, trying to fundamentally solve the traditional backward science and technology, rural talent shortage, problems of concept of conservatism.
The seventh chapter is to evaluate the gains and losses of "Shanxi village governance" from four angles of politics, economy, society and culture, and then explain the practical significance of "village governance in Shanxi".
"Shanxi village" at the time of the other provinces and even the county and village construction, has the effect can not be ignored; for today's local administrative reform and the construction of rural grass-roots democracy, also has a very strong reference. It reflects the China rural politics, economy, society, culture and other issues, to today still exists, through a comprehensive analysis of "village autonomy of Shanxi", especially through the analysis of the predicament of the times and implementation difficulties, it will help us better understanding of facing the current rural grassroots reform and problems in the construction, more in-depth thinking inspiration.
In the study, the author tries to make some innovations in theory construction and method selection. In general, it is mainly embodied in the following two aspects:
A, select a new research perspective. The author tries to study the period of the Republic of China from the macro perspective of history (1917-1928) "Shanxi village" movement, reveal its political, economic, social and cultural issues, trying to get rid of the class struggle, research ideas and methods of the national consciousness as the main line. From the historical and realistic thinking in the integrated use of history, political science, sociology, economics, cultural theory, the construction of national administration and village autonomy is the integration of the theoretical framework, and use the theoretical framework to examine and evaluate the historical events.
Two, academic point of view, theory innovation. The author reveals for the first time in the period of the Republic of China (1917-1928) "the spirit of" village autonomy of Shanxi sports for the Shanxi reformers tried to integrate the State Administration, local self-government, rural social forces, the construction of rural economy and the construction of rural social culture, to build an effective national administration and order of the rural society, and to evaluate the historical events in the foundation of the integration of the State Administration and the rural society on the theoretical framework, in order to provide historical reference and practical thinking for basic administrative reform of contemporary countries and "villager autonomy".

【學位授予單位】：首都師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K26;K292.5

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