本文選題：清代山東 + 二年三熟制�。� 參考：《南開大學(xué)》2010年博士論文

【摘要】：山東地處黃河下游華北平原東部,地貌以平原為主,西部有運(yùn)河貫通南北,東南、東北瀕臨黃海和渤海,其間河流錯布,水資源豐富,易于農(nóng)作物灌溉和農(nóng)產(chǎn)品流通；全區(qū)受北溫帶季風(fēng)氣候控制,雨熱同期,發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)的自然條件優(yōu)越。 在清代,山東農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展首先表現(xiàn)在耕地的墾殖上,大致分為以下幾個階段：順治朝至康熙朝末年的七八十年間,以復(fù)原性墾殖為主。清初統(tǒng)治者為了保障墾荒工作的順利進(jìn)行,政府承認(rèn)墾荒者對土地的所有權(quán),同時輔以推遲起科、資助耕牛農(nóng)具等扶持政策,并充分利用地主階級占有大量財力、物力的優(yōu)勢,墾殖取得了較為理想的效果,極大程度上推動了荒地的開墾；至雍正朝時,土壤肥沃之地基本上已被開墾無遺,人民開始將目光轉(zhuǎn)移到近山丘地、沿海灘涂、湖濱洲灘以及山頭地角等零星土地,這一過程大概持續(xù)到道光年間。需要特別指出的是雍正帝即位后,盲目認(rèn)為“惟開墾一事最有裨益”,急于求成,且無切實(shí)可行的方案,成效不大；乾隆朝吸取了雍正朝墾殖的教訓(xùn),通過疏通河道、修建大規(guī)模的水利設(shè)施,使許多淹澇廢地得以墾成熟地；嘉道年間耕地面積的擴(kuò)展主要得益于外來作物番薯、花生、玉米等的種植,它們在荒地、山地、丘陵等貧瘠土壤上均能生長,很大程度上拓展了種植空間。道光以后,清政府面臨外來侵略,再加上天災(zāi)人禍,許多土地拋荒,這一時期墾殖的重點(diǎn)又轉(zhuǎn)為對拋荒地的復(fù)墾。 耕地的開發(fā)和利用離不開人的介入,人口的多少(或勞動力的多少)對農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展影響甚巨。從清初至乾隆初年,山東人口的大量繁衍在滿足農(nóng)業(yè)對勞動力的需求、促進(jìn)土地墾殖等方面發(fā)揮了積極的作用；同時,人地關(guān)系的矛盾也越來越突出,尤其是在乾隆朝之后,土地的增長速度已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口的增長速度,勞動力已經(jīng)從不足變?yōu)橹饾u飽和。由于人口的增長,人均占有的耕地越來越少,傳統(tǒng)的種植業(yè)難以養(yǎng)活如此多的人口,迫使小農(nóng)不得不設(shè)法實(shí)現(xiàn)土地資源的優(yōu)化配置,在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中發(fā)展了麥豆復(fù)種為主的二年三熟耕作制。 二年三熟制形成于明末清初,不過尚不成熟。雍乾朝以后山東省隨著人口的日益增長,為其發(fā)展提供了充足的勞動力,推動了該制度的逐漸成熟；另外,在這一制度的發(fā)展中,作物的搭配模式發(fā)揮了重大的作用。山東二年三熟制的作物搭配是以麥——豆——秋雜輪種為主,其中冬小麥核心地位的確立是二年三熟制的重中之重,與之同時,大豆、高粱等作物種植比重有了一定水平的上升,使得種植結(jié)構(gòu)更加合理。 清中葉山東省二年三熟制的成熟,使得復(fù)種指數(shù)有了大幅度的提高,增加了糧食的畝產(chǎn)量,這在養(yǎng)活更多人口的同時,也為經(jīng)濟(jì)作物種植面積的擴(kuò)展創(chuàng)造了條件。其中以植棉業(yè)的發(fā)展最為突出,到清代中葉前后山東已經(jīng)形成了三大棉產(chǎn)區(qū),植棉的州縣發(fā)展到90多個；煙草業(yè)、油料作物、果樹乃至菜蔬種植也有了很大的發(fā)展,大大加深了農(nóng)業(yè)商品化的程度。在社會經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供的可能條件下,種糧戶、種植經(jīng)濟(jì)作物農(nóng)戶以及混合種植型農(nóng)戶因地制宜,為生存和致富而進(jìn)行生活性生產(chǎn)和商品性生產(chǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)著利益的最大化。此外,以出售為目的的棉紡織業(yè)、編織業(yè)、皮毛加工業(yè)等家庭副業(yè)也有了長足的發(fā)展,農(nóng)副結(jié)合成為家庭經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主要模式。 整個清代山東的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)和家庭生產(chǎn)處于結(jié)構(gòu)不斷調(diào)整和優(yōu)化的過程之中,二年三熟制的發(fā)展和農(nóng)副結(jié)合的模式,充分利用了豐富的勞動力資源,在土地和土地之外創(chuàng)造價值,從而為家庭的生活來源拓寬了道路。
[Abstract]:Shandong is located in the east of the North China Plain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The landforms are mainly plain, the West has canal through the north and south, the southeast, and the northeast is on the verge of the Yellow Sea and Bohai, and the river is wrong with the river, the water is rich, it is easy to irrigate the crops and the circulation of agricultural products; the whole region is controlled by the northern temperate monsoon climate, the rain and heat are in the same period, and the natural conditions of agriculture are superior to the development of agriculture.
In the Qing Dynasty, the development of agriculture in Shandong was first manifested in the cultivation of cultivated land, which was roughly divided into the following stages: seventy or eighty years from Shunzhi Dynasty to the last year of Kangxi Dynasty, reclaimed reclamation mainly. The support policy of farm implements and so on, and fully utilizing the landlord class to occupy a large amount of financial resources and the advantage of material resources, has achieved more ideal effects and greatly promoted the reclamation of the wasteland. When the Yong Zheng Dynasty, the fertile soil of the soil had been reclaimed basically, and the people began to turn their eyes to the hills, coastal beaches, and lakeshore beaches. As well as the scattered lands such as the corner of the mountain, this process lasted about to the Daoguang period. It was important to point out that after emperor Yong Zheng was in the throne, it was blind to think that "only the most beneficial" was "the most beneficial", and that there was no practical plan and little effect. The Qianlong Dynasty learned from the lessons of Yong Zheng's reclaim, and built a large scale through dredging the river. In the Jiadu period, the expansion of arable land was mainly due to the cultivation of exotic crops, such as sweet potatoes, peanuts, and corn, which could grow on barren soils, such as wasteland, mountain, hilly, and so on. To a great extent, the planting space was expanded. After the light of the road, the Qing government was confronted with foreign aggression and added to the sky. Disasters and disasters caused many land to be abandoned. During this period, the focus of reclamation was converted to reclamation of wasteland.
The development and utilization of cultivated land can not be separated from human intervention, the number of people (or the number of labor) has great impact on agricultural development. From the early Qing Dynasty to the first year of the Qianlong period, the large population of Shandong has played a positive role in meeting the demand of agriculture for the labor force and promoting the land reclamation. At the same time, the contradiction between human and land relations is becoming more and more obvious. After the Qianlong Dynasty, especially after the Qianlong Dynasty, the growth rate of land has been far from the growth rate of the population, the labor force has changed from insufficient to gradually saturated. As the population growth, the per capita cultivated land is less and less, the traditional planting industry is difficult to feed so many people, forcing the small farmers to try to optimize the land resources. In the agricultural production, two years and three cropping systems were developed.
In the two years, the three ripening system was formed in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, but it is not yet mature. After the emperor Qian Dynasty, Shandong Province, with the growing population, provided sufficient labor for its development, and promoted the gradual maturity of the system. In addition, in the development of this system, the pattern of the collocation of crops played a significant role. In the two year of Shandong, the three cropping system of crops was built. In addition, the main position of the winter wheat is the weight of the two year and three ripening system. At the same time, the planting proportion of soybean, sorghum and other crops has risen to a certain level, making the planting structure more reasonable.
In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the maturity of the two year three ripening system in Shandong province made the compound index increase greatly and increase the yield per mu of grain, which created the conditions for the expansion of the planting area of the economic crops, as well as the expansion of the planting area of the economic crops. Among them, the development of the cotton plant was the most prominent. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, there had been three cotton production in the middle of the Qing Dynasty. In the area, the cotton planting state and county have developed to more than 90, the tobacco industry, the oil crops, the fruit trees and even the vegetable planting have also developed greatly, which greatly deepened the degree of agricultural commercialization. Under the possible conditions of social and economic development, planting grain households, planting economic crop farmers and mixed planting type farmers are in the light of local conditions for survival and prosperity. In addition, the cotton textile industry, the knitting industry, the fur processing industry and other family sideline industries, which are for sale, have also made great progress, and the agricultural and sideline integration has become the main mode of family economic development.
The agricultural production and family production in Shandong in the whole Qing Dynasty are in the process of continuous adjustment and optimization of the structure. The development of the three ripening system in two years and the mode of agricultural and sideline integration make full use of the rich labor resources and create value outside the land and the land, thus widening the way for the family's life.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南開大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：F329;K249

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 商，

本文編號：2095615