美國重建后至19世紀末,經(jīng)歷了由傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)社會向現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會轉變的社會轉型期,這一時期也被稱為“鍍金時代”(1865-1898)。而在這一時期占統(tǒng)治地位的思想體系則是自由放任思想和社會達爾文主義,它反映到美國政府的社會經(jīng)濟政策上就是自由放任政策。盡管該政策促進了社會經(jīng)濟的迅速發(fā)展,但是在經(jīng)濟空前繁榮的同時,各種社會問題日趨凸顯,其中童工濫用問題則是當時亟待解決的社會問題。對于童工濫用的原因,很多學者從經(jīng)濟角度出發(fā),認為工業(yè)化和城市化進程導致勞工短缺,兒童便成為了勞動力的主要來源。部分學者從宗教角度出發(fā)認為,童工的濫用是受到當時清教徒思想的影響,認為兒童就應該勞動,勞動可以克服懶惰,并且還可以使兒童在勞動過程中培養(yǎng)自律的行為習慣和得到良好的教育。然而筆者認為,除了經(jīng)濟和宗教等因素外,思想因素,特別是社會達爾文主義和自由放任主義思潮也是造成鍍金時代童工濫用的原因。因此,本文在簡要回顧童工濫用的經(jīng)濟、歷史等原因的基礎上,從思想的角度,探討社會達爾文主義與自由放任主義對于政府在童工的管理和執(zhí)法,司法界對于童工案件審理,以及雇者剝削童工等方面的影響。由于內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后至19世紀晚期,自由放任主義、社會達爾...

【文章頁數(shù)】：71 頁

【學位級別】：碩士

【文章目錄】：
摘要
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Chapter One The Child Labor and Ideological Factors
    1.1 Ideological Factors of the Child Labor prior to the Civil War
        1.1.1 American puritan ethic about child labor
        1.1.2 American agrarian value about child labor
    1.2 The Ideological Factors of Child Labor during the Gilded Age
    1.3 The Mainstream Thoughts of the Society during the Gilded Age
        1.3.1 The connotation of laissez-faire doctrine
        1.3.2 The Connotation of American Social Darwinist Thought
Chapter Two Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine andLoose Implementation of Government Regulation
    2.1 The Ineffectual Implementation of Child Labor Laws
        2.1.1 Lack of federal child labor law
        2.1.2 The loopholes in child labor law
    2.2 The Governmental Lax Regulation of Child Labor
        2.2.1 The misconduct of officials
        2.2.2 The ineffectual factory inspection
Chapter Three Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine and the Injusticeof the Supreme Court
    3.1 Judges in the Supreme Court in Favor of Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine
    3.2 The Supreme Court Adhering to Non-federal Interference in State Laws
    3.3 The Supreme Court Abiding by the Due Process of Law Doctrine
        3.3.1 Protecting the liberty of contract
        3.3.2 Protecting property right
Chapter Four Social Darwinism& Laissez-faire Doctrine and theMaltreatment of the Child Labor in Industry
    4.1 Employers Advocating Social Darwinism & Laissez-faire Doctrine
        4.1.1 Robber barons fervent for social Darwinism & Laissez-faireDoctrine
        4.1.2 Capitalists advocating free competition and free trade in economicmarket
        4.1.3 Representatives of trade guilds in favor of social Darwinism&laissez-faire
    4.2 Children Stimulated by the Idea of Self-reliance
        4.2.1 The public boosting self-reliance
        4.2.2 Children themselves stimulated by rags-to-rich stories
Conclusion
Works Cited



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