分權(quán)制衡是西方傳統(tǒng)政治思想體系的重要組成部分,如今仍然發(fā)揮其穩(wěn)固政治根基的作用。追溯分權(quán)制衡的開端,始于英國哲學(xué)大師約翰·洛克。他堅信人人皆有與生俱來的權(quán)力,這些權(quán)力不僅僅包括人生,而且還包括個人自由和擁有財產(chǎn)的權(quán)力。他批駁了王權(quán)神授的觀念,主張政府的權(quán)威只能建立在被統(tǒng)治者擁護(hù)的基礎(chǔ)之上。他強(qiáng)調(diào)社會契約論,相信權(quán)力分散的原則;但同時認(rèn)為立法機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)高于行政機(jī)關(guān)（因此也高于司法機(jī)關(guān),他認(rèn)為司法機(jī)關(guān)是行政機(jī)關(guān)的一部分）。孟德斯鳩是法國十八世紀(jì)政治哲學(xué)家,在其著作《論法的精神》里,他進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和完善了洛克的分權(quán)學(xué)說,主張必須建立三權(quán)分立的政體,按照立法、行政、司法三權(quán)分立的原則組成國家,以防止濫用權(quán)力、形成專制。他還根據(jù)英國的政治制度說明各種權(quán)力之間的制衡關(guān)系,指明立法機(jī)關(guān)由兩部分組成,可通過相互的反對權(quán)相互鉗制,立法機(jī)關(guān)的兩部分都受行政權(quán)的約束,而行政權(quán)亦受立法權(quán)的約束,彼此協(xié)調(diào)前進(jìn)。本篇論文以上述理論傳統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ),探討了分權(quán)制衡思想在美國政權(quán)建立、國家發(fā)展過程中的作用。論文依據(jù)美國建國之本——1789年美國憲法,對美國聯(lián)邦國家政府體系之內(nèi)三權(quán)的分立和它們各自的權(quán)力范圍進(jìn)行了研究。由此,以美國... 

【文章來源】：對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)北京市 211工程院校 教育部直屬院校

【文章頁數(shù)】：61 頁

【學(xué)位級別】：碩士

【文章目錄】：
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
    1.1 THE SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE THESIS
    1.2 METHODOLOGY
    1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
    2.1 THE EUROPEAN VOICES PRONOUNCING CHECKS AND BALANCES
        2.1.1 John Locke’s idea of division of power
        2.1.2 Montesquieu’s idea of checks and balances
    2.2 THE VOICES OF THE CONSTITUTION FRAMERS
    2.3 THE PROVISIONS OF THE CONSTITUTION
        2.3.1 The distinct demarcation of the powers
        2.3.2 The intertextures of the branches and checks of the powers
CHAPTER 3 THE OUTSET OF IMBALANCE BETWEEN THREE BRANCHES DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
    3.1 THE ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE CIVIL WAR
        3.1.1 The rapid economic development of the USA
        3.1.2 The work ethics and the economic systems of the North and the South
    3.2 THE POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE CIVIL WAR
        3.2.1 The territorial expansion
        3.2.2 The party politics before and during the Civil War
    3.3 THE SOCIAL BACKGROUND OF THE CIVIL WAR
        3.3.1 Issues over the slavery
        3.3.2 Abolitionist Movement and its effects on the Civil War
    3.4 THE EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATION AND THE OUTSET OF IMBALANCE BETWEEN THREE BRANCHES
        3.4.1 The executive administration of President Lincoln and Congress’s approval
        3.4.2 The tension between the three branches and the dominant executive power
CHAPTER 4 THE INTENSIFICATION OF IMBALANCE DURING THE PRESIDENCY OF ANDREW JOHNSON AND REGAIN OF BALANCES IN THE LATER PERIOD
    4.1 THE CHARACTER OF JOHNSON AND HIS PLAN OF RECONSTRUCTION
    4.2 RECONSTRUCTION PLANS OF THE DEMOCRATS AND THE REPUBLICANS
    4.3 THE DEMAND OF FREEDMEN
        4.3.1 The demand for land
        4.3.2 The demand for equal rights before the law
    4.4 THE CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE BRANCHES
    4.5 THE ATTEMPTS TO RESTRAIN AND REMOVE THE PRESIDENT
    4.6 THE SUPREME COURT AND RECONSTRUCTION
        4.6.1 The cases about the writ of habeas corpus
        4.6.2 The cases of loyal oath-taking
        4.6.3 The Legal Tender Cases
        4.6.4 The matter of fixing a quorum of the Supreme Court
        4.6.5 Return to power and prestige
CHAPTER 5 THE CONCLUSION
    5.1 THE LATER DEVELOPMENT OF CHECKS AND BALANCES
    5.2 THE RULE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES IN THE USA GOVERNMENT
    5.3 THE SIGNIFICANCE AND LIMITATION OF THE THESIS
BIBLIOGRAPHY



本文編號：3066011