【摘要】：法蘭西斯修士會出現(xiàn)在十三世紀(jì)的西歐,它的出現(xiàn)有深刻的歷史背景。長途貿(mào)易的發(fā)展導(dǎo)致城市開始興起,而農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使越來越多的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和手工業(yè)品進(jìn)入城市中去,這加快了商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,使市場成為城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的中心。逐漸定居在城市中的居民成為新興的市民階層,城市經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,使市民的力量逐漸壯大,新的社會意識覺醒。他們反對封建制度,要求城市自治,自治的城市成為一個自由的地方,為法蘭西斯修士會的出現(xiàn)準(zhǔn)備了環(huán)境和群眾基礎(chǔ)。反封建在意識形態(tài)的表現(xiàn)是反對基督教會,在城市中出現(xiàn)了反對正統(tǒng)基督教會的異端運(yùn)動,威脅到了羅馬教皇的權(quán)威,忠于羅馬教皇的法蘭西斯修士會得到正統(tǒng)權(quán)利的支持,成為反對異端的工具,和教會形成一種互惠互利的關(guān)系。 法蘭西斯修士會的興起與發(fā)展離不開法蘭西斯本人的努力。他是修士會的創(chuàng)始人,他對使徒式的生活有狂熱的追求,因此他具有使徒般的高尚品德,正是由于這些品德,才把人們吸引到他的身邊,形成一個有組織的修士會。也正是這些美德使法蘭西斯修士會能到起到純潔教會的作用,還可以恢復(fù)市民對教會的信心,因此修士會得到教皇的承認(rèn),能夠合法布道。法蘭西斯修士會的組織形式不同于傳統(tǒng)的修道院,他們居無定所,活動在城市的各個角落。修士們堅守貧窮、謙卑、順從等法蘭西斯規(guī)定下來的品德,而且修士會的布道方式簡單易懂,還常常使用市場一類的詞匯,這更能反映城市的特點(diǎn),因此修士會受到市民的歡迎。 法蘭西斯修士會對中世紀(jì)大學(xué)的神學(xué)研究也起了重要的推動作用,哈勒斯的亞歷山大、波那文圖拉、羅吉爾·培根、鄧斯·司各脫、威廉·奧康等修會中的精英都是經(jīng)院哲學(xué)研究的重要學(xué)者,他們占據(jù)著中世紀(jì)大學(xué)這個平臺,體現(xiàn)了中世紀(jì)大學(xué)的較高的學(xué)術(shù)成就。
[Abstract]:Friar Francis will appear in Western Europe in the 13 th century, and its appearance has a profound historical background. The development of long-distance trade leads to the rise of cities, while the development of agricultural technology makes more and more agricultural products and handicrafts enter the city, which accelerates the development of commodity economy and makes the market the center of urban economy. The residents who gradually settle in the city become a new class of citizens. With the development of urban economy, the strength of the citizens is gradually strengthened and the new social consciousness is awakened. They opposed the feudal system, demanded that the autonomous city become a free place, and prepared the environment and mass foundation for the emergence of the Francis monks. The expression of anti-feudalism in ideology is against the Christian church, and there is a heresy movement against the orthodox Christian church in the city, which threatens the authority of the Pope. The Francis monks loyal to the Pope will be supported by orthodox rights, become a tool against heresy, and form a mutually beneficial relationship with the church. The rise and development of the French monks can not be separated from the efforts of Francis himself. He was the founder of the monks, and he had a fanatical pursuit of the apostle life, so he had the noble character of the apostle, which attracted people to him and formed an organized monk's association. It is these virtues that enable the Francis monks to serve as pure churches and to restore public confidence in the church, so the monks will be recognized by the pope and able to preach legally. The formation of the Francis monks is different from that of the traditional monasteries. They live in no place and operate in every corner of the city. Monks adhere to the qualities prescribed by Francis, such as poverty, humility, obedience, etc., and the monks preach in a simple and easy-to-understand way, and often use words such as the market, which better reflect the characteristics of the city, so the monks will be welcomed by the public. The Francis monks also played an important role in promoting the theological study of medieval universities. The elites in Alexander, Bonaventura, Roger Bacon, Duns Scott and William Okang of Harles were all important scholars in the study of Confucian philosophy. They occupied the platform of medieval universities and reflected the higher academic achievements of medieval universities.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K503

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