發(fā)布時間：2019-07-05 18:40

【摘要】：英國“兒童運輸”主要是由英國非政府組織在1938年12月到1939年9月實施的一場兒童難民救援行動,救助對象包括德國、奧地利、捷克斯洛伐克、自由城市但澤以及一部分在德的波蘭籍兒童難民。20世紀30年代納粹德國在其勢力范圍內(nèi)實施的反猶政策,嚴重影響了德奧等國兒童的學校、家庭和社會生活,這些兒童需要立刻被轉(zhuǎn)移到其他國家。但此時受到經(jīng)濟危機影響的美國、瑞士以及加拿大等國實施難民限制政策,拒絕向包括兒童難民在內(nèi)的歐洲難民敞開國門。1938年“水晶之夜”事件發(fā)生后,英國政府考慮適當?shù)胤艑掚y民限制政策。在英國非政府組織的請求之下,英國政府決定實施“兒童運輸”救援行動�！皟和\輸”救援行動分為申請、篩選、轉(zhuǎn)移以及安置幾個部分,兒童難民向當?shù)鼐戎M織提出申請,救助組織依據(jù)緊急性和適合性原則篩選兒童難民并將其轉(zhuǎn)移到英國,安置在普通家庭、難民旅館以及培訓中心。在不同安置場所的兒童難民的日常生活狀況差異性比較大,但都能滿足基本的生存需要;同時救助組織讓兒童難民接受基礎教育以及職業(yè)培訓,并幫助他們接受中學教育和大學教育;還通過開展各種猶太宗教活動、創(chuàng)立猶太學校等方式幫助猶太兒童難民更多地接觸猶太教文化。通過這場救援行動,英國共轉(zhuǎn)移了一萬多名兒童難民,挽救了這些兒童的生命,加強了各國救助組織之間的交流與合作并推動了跨教派組織的發(fā)展。本文認為,英國政府、英國猶太群體以及救助組織在這次救援行動中的工作雖然存在一定的缺陷和局限性,但1938-1939年英國實施的“兒童運輸”仍然是當時最大規(guī)模的兒童救援行動之一,彰顯了國際人道主義精神。
[Abstract]:The British "transport of children" was mainly carried out by British non-governmental organizations from December 1938 to September 1939, which included Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the free city of Danze and some Polish child refugees in Germany. The anti-Semitic policy carried out by Nazi Germany in its sphere of influence in the 1930s seriously affected the schools of children in Germany and Austria. In family and social life, these children need to be transferred to other countries immediately. But the United States, Switzerland and Canada, which were affected by the economic crisis, implemented refugee restrictions and refused to open their doors to European refugees, including child refugees. After the Crystal Night incident in 1938, the British government considered properly relaxing the restrictions on refugees. At the request of British non-governmental organizations, the British government decided to implement the "child transport" rescue operation. The "child transport" rescue operation is divided into three parts: application, screening, transfer and resettlement. Child refugees apply to local relief organizations, which screen and transfer child refugees to the United Kingdom according to the principles of urgency and suitability, and place them in ordinary families, refugee hotels and training centers. The daily living conditions of child refugees in different places vary greatly, but they can meet their basic survival needs; at the same time, rescue organizations allow child refugees to receive basic education and vocational training, as well as to help them receive secondary and university education; they also help Jewish child refugees to become more exposed to Jewish culture through various Jewish religious activities and the creation of Jewish schools. Through this rescue operation, Britain has transferred more than 10,000 child refugees, saved the lives of these children, strengthened exchanges and cooperation among rescue organizations in various countries and promoted the development of intersectarian organizations. This paper holds that although the work of the British government, the British Jewish community and the rescue organizations in this rescue operation has some defects and limitations, the "child transport" carried out in the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1939 is still one of the largest child rescue operations at that time, which shows the spirit of international humanitarianism.
【學位授予單位】：四川師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K561.45

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