【摘要】：英國(guó)“兒童運(yùn)輸”主要是由英國(guó)非政府組織在1938年12月到1939年9月實(shí)施的一場(chǎng)兒童難民救援行動(dòng),救助對(duì)象包括德國(guó)、奧地利、捷克斯洛伐克、自由城市但澤以及一部分在德的波蘭籍兒童難民。20世紀(jì)30年代納粹德國(guó)在其勢(shì)力范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施的反猶政策,嚴(yán)重影響了德奧等國(guó)兒童的學(xué)校、家庭和社會(huì)生活,這些兒童需要立刻被轉(zhuǎn)移到其他國(guó)家。但此時(shí)受到經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)影響的美國(guó)、瑞士以及加拿大等國(guó)實(shí)施難民限制政策,拒絕向包括兒童難民在內(nèi)的歐洲難民敞開(kāi)國(guó)門。1938年“水晶之夜”事件發(fā)生后,英國(guó)政府考慮適當(dāng)?shù)胤艑掚y民限制政策。在英國(guó)非政府組織的請(qǐng)求之下,英國(guó)政府決定實(shí)施“兒童運(yùn)輸”救援行動(dòng)�！皟和\(yùn)輸”救援行動(dòng)分為申請(qǐng)、篩選、轉(zhuǎn)移以及安置幾個(gè)部分,兒童難民向當(dāng)?shù)鼐戎M織提出申請(qǐng),救助組織依據(jù)緊急性和適合性原則篩選兒童難民并將其轉(zhuǎn)移到英國(guó),安置在普通家庭、難民旅館以及培訓(xùn)中心。在不同安置場(chǎng)所的兒童難民的日常生活狀況差異性比較大,但都能滿足基本的生存需要;同時(shí)救助組織讓兒童難民接受基礎(chǔ)教育以及職業(yè)培訓(xùn),并幫助他們接受中學(xué)教育和大學(xué)教育;還通過(guò)開(kāi)展各種猶太宗教活動(dòng)、創(chuàng)立猶太學(xué)校等方式幫助猶太兒童難民更多地接觸猶太教文化。通過(guò)這場(chǎng)救援行動(dòng),英國(guó)共轉(zhuǎn)移了一萬(wàn)多名兒童難民,挽救了這些兒童的生命,加強(qiáng)了各國(guó)救助組織之間的交流與合作并推動(dòng)了跨教派組織的發(fā)展。本文認(rèn)為,英國(guó)政府、英國(guó)猶太群體以及救助組織在這次救援行動(dòng)中的工作雖然存在一定的缺陷和局限性,但1938-1939年英國(guó)實(shí)施的“兒童運(yùn)輸”仍然是當(dāng)時(shí)最大規(guī)模的兒童救援行動(dòng)之一,彰顯了國(guó)際人道主義精神。
[Abstract]:The British "transport of children" was mainly carried out by British non-governmental organizations from December 1938 to September 1939, which included Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, the free city of Danze and some Polish child refugees in Germany. The anti-Semitic policy carried out by Nazi Germany in its sphere of influence in the 1930s seriously affected the schools of children in Germany and Austria. In family and social life, these children need to be transferred to other countries immediately. But the United States, Switzerland and Canada, which were affected by the economic crisis, implemented refugee restrictions and refused to open their doors to European refugees, including child refugees. After the Crystal Night incident in 1938, the British government considered properly relaxing the restrictions on refugees. At the request of British non-governmental organizations, the British government decided to implement the "child transport" rescue operation. The "child transport" rescue operation is divided into three parts: application, screening, transfer and resettlement. Child refugees apply to local relief organizations, which screen and transfer child refugees to the United Kingdom according to the principles of urgency and suitability, and place them in ordinary families, refugee hotels and training centers. The daily living conditions of child refugees in different places vary greatly, but they can meet their basic survival needs; at the same time, rescue organizations allow child refugees to receive basic education and vocational training, as well as to help them receive secondary and university education; they also help Jewish child refugees to become more exposed to Jewish culture through various Jewish religious activities and the creation of Jewish schools. Through this rescue operation, Britain has transferred more than 10,000 child refugees, saved the lives of these children, strengthened exchanges and cooperation among rescue organizations in various countries and promoted the development of intersectarian organizations. This paper holds that although the work of the British government, the British Jewish community and the rescue organizations in this rescue operation has some defects and limitations, the "child transport" carried out in the United Kingdom from 1938 to 1939 is still one of the largest child rescue operations at that time, which shows the spirit of international humanitarianism.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K561.45

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