英國工業(yè)革命時期的猶太人
發(fā)布時間：2019-07-02 09:23
【摘要】：中世紀英國社會中的猶太人主要從事借貸業(yè)。他們受到國王的保護,但也倍受壓榨,被稱為“皇室的奶牛”。由于宗教和職業(yè),他們被孤立、迫害,最終被驅(qū)逐除英國。事實上,猶太人在英國保持一定的連續(xù)性。猶太人再次被重新接納主要是由宗教寬容氛圍的形成和千禧年風(fēng)尚的刺激,重商主義的推動,共和國有利環(huán)境下以及克倫威爾和米那西·本·以色列的努力而促成的。工業(yè)革命前猶太人口總體是在不斷增長。起初塞法迪猶太人口占優(yōu)勢,但最遲至1720年阿什肯納茲猶太人口超過賽法迪猶太人,并一直延續(xù)至今。不論是移民還是本土猶太人一般居住在倫敦東區(qū),但也在向威爾士、蘇格蘭、城鎮(zhèn)擴展。移民中的上層猶太人一般從事金融、進出口貿(mào)易、寶石、珊瑚等行業(yè)；普通猶太人主要為商販、舊衣商等；移民中也包括技工、店主、宗教人員、從事小規(guī)模貿(mào)易的商人和經(jīng)紀人。猶太人總體上受到的限制較少,但爭取使外來商人入籍的《猶太歸化法案》最終流產(chǎn)。 猶太人在工業(yè)革命的大環(huán)境下,經(jīng)過自身努力,由貧窮到富有。這主要體現(xiàn)在猶太中產(chǎn)階級壯大和職業(yè)上的升遷；經(jīng)濟增強推動猶太人的居住區(qū)開始變化。經(jīng)濟地位提高、英國政治民主的發(fā)展和猶太人自我定位的變化為猶太人開始爭取公民權(quán)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。經(jīng)過斗爭,猶太人獲得了公民權(quán)。 猶太人在經(jīng)濟地位得到改善后,社團內(nèi)部也相應(yīng)發(fā)生了一些變化。新興猶太中產(chǎn)階級或中上層階級試圖建立與自身相適應(yīng)的“開明”猶太教,要求進行宗教改革。猶太代表委員會依仗英國的帝國地位及猶太人經(jīng)濟政治地位的改善開始參與外交事務(wù)拯救受迫害的猶太人。猶太家庭要求中等教育,但進入大學(xué)的人仍比較少。受傳統(tǒng)影響和要求改善猶太人地位的呼聲,猶太社團組織慈善機構(gòu),1859年阿什肯納茲猶太人成立了猶太保護者委員會。 猶太人在工業(yè)革命這個大環(huán)境下,經(jīng)濟、政治和社會地位不斷提高,最終獲得英國完整的公民權(quán)。同時,這一進程不僅體現(xiàn)了少數(shù)民族的現(xiàn)代化,而且在定程度上促進了英國的民主化。
[Abstract]:Jews in medieval British society were mainly engaged in borrowing. They were protected by the king, but also squeezed, known as the royal cow. Because of religion and occupation, they were isolated, persecuted and eventually expelled from England. In fact, Jews maintain a certain degree of continuity in England. The re-admission of Jews was mainly driven by the formation of a climate of religious tolerance and millennials, the promotion of mercantilism, the favorable environment of the Republic and the efforts of Cromwell and Minasi Ben Israel. The Jewish population was generally growing before the Industrial Revolution. At first, the Jewish population of Sefadi was dominant, but by 1720 Ashkenaz had overtaken the Jewish population of Sephadi and had continued to this day. Both immigrants and native Jews generally live in the east end of London, but are also expanding to Wales, Scotland and towns. The upper Jews in the immigrants are generally engaged in finance, import and export trade, precious stones, corals and other industries; ordinary Jews are mainly traders, old clothes dealers, etc.; immigrants also include craftsmen, shopowners, religious personnel, businessmen and brokers engaged in small-scale trade. Jews are generally subject to fewer restrictions, but the Jewish Naturalization Act, which seeks to naturalize foreign businessmen, eventually aborts. Jews in the industrial revolution, through their own efforts, from poverty to wealth. This is mainly reflected in the growth of the Jewish middle class and professional promotion; the economic strengthening has driven the change of Jewish settlements. The improvement of economic status, the development of British political democracy and the change of Jewish self-orientation laid the foundation for Jews to fight for citizenship. After a struggle, Jews gained civil rights. After the improvement of Jews' economic status, some changes have taken place within the community. The emerging Jewish middle class or the middle and upper classes try to establish enlightened Judaism suitable for themselves, calling for religious reform. The Jewish Council of Representatives began to participate in foreign affairs to save persecuted Jews by improving Britain's imperial status and Jewish economic and political status. Jewish families require secondary education, but fewer people go to college. Under the influence of tradition and calls for the improvement of Jewish status, the Jewish community organized charities. In 1859, Ashkenaz Jews set up a Jewish protector committee. In the industrial revolution, Jews continued to improve their economic, political and social status, and finally gained complete British citizenship. At the same time, this process not only reflects the modernization of ethnic minorities, but also promotes the democratization of Britain to a certain extent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K561.43
本文編號：2508805
[Abstract]:Jews in medieval British society were mainly engaged in borrowing. They were protected by the king, but also squeezed, known as the royal cow. Because of religion and occupation, they were isolated, persecuted and eventually expelled from England. In fact, Jews maintain a certain degree of continuity in England. The re-admission of Jews was mainly driven by the formation of a climate of religious tolerance and millennials, the promotion of mercantilism, the favorable environment of the Republic and the efforts of Cromwell and Minasi Ben Israel. The Jewish population was generally growing before the Industrial Revolution. At first, the Jewish population of Sefadi was dominant, but by 1720 Ashkenaz had overtaken the Jewish population of Sephadi and had continued to this day. Both immigrants and native Jews generally live in the east end of London, but are also expanding to Wales, Scotland and towns. The upper Jews in the immigrants are generally engaged in finance, import and export trade, precious stones, corals and other industries; ordinary Jews are mainly traders, old clothes dealers, etc.; immigrants also include craftsmen, shopowners, religious personnel, businessmen and brokers engaged in small-scale trade. Jews are generally subject to fewer restrictions, but the Jewish Naturalization Act, which seeks to naturalize foreign businessmen, eventually aborts. Jews in the industrial revolution, through their own efforts, from poverty to wealth. This is mainly reflected in the growth of the Jewish middle class and professional promotion; the economic strengthening has driven the change of Jewish settlements. The improvement of economic status, the development of British political democracy and the change of Jewish self-orientation laid the foundation for Jews to fight for citizenship. After a struggle, Jews gained civil rights. After the improvement of Jews' economic status, some changes have taken place within the community. The emerging Jewish middle class or the middle and upper classes try to establish enlightened Judaism suitable for themselves, calling for religious reform. The Jewish Council of Representatives began to participate in foreign affairs to save persecuted Jews by improving Britain's imperial status and Jewish economic and political status. Jewish families require secondary education, but fewer people go to college. Under the influence of tradition and calls for the improvement of Jewish status, the Jewish community organized charities. In 1859, Ashkenaz Jews set up a Jewish protector committee. In the industrial revolution, Jews continued to improve their economic, political and social status, and finally gained complete British citizenship. At the same time, this process not only reflects the modernization of ethnic minorities, but also promotes the democratization of Britain to a certain extent.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K561.43
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