【摘要】：本文選取1881年至1920年間涌入美國的俄裔猶太人作為研究對象,充分利用1881年至1920年間美國公開發(fā)行的主要猶太人報紙、美國國會的報告等一手資料,運用唯物主義歷史觀和辯證法,結合社會學方法,對1881年至1920年間俄裔猶太人移民美國的原因以及美國政府所做出的回應進行了考察,并對俄裔猶太人的現(xiàn)代化問題進行深入探討,揭示俄國猶太人在移民美國之后參與了現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟分工的狀況、走出“隔都”融入城市化的過程、逐步接受世俗化觀念的過程以及積極參與政治生活的情況。 本文分為緒論、正文和結論三大部分。正文部分分為五章。第一章解釋俄國猶太人移民美國的原因。這方面的分析首先涉及當時美國與俄國兩方面的政治經(jīng)濟環(huán)境,指出俄國頻頻發(fā)生的針對猶太人的迫害事件是導致俄國猶太人遠走他鄉(xiāng)的重要推力,同時大西洋兩岸的猶太移民機構在俄國猶太人遷徙美國過程中發(fā)揮重要作用。這一部分還試圖解決的一個問題就是,在導致俄國猶太人遷徙的兩個原因——集體迫害和集體貧困——中哪一個才是最重要的,本文指出在俄國猶太人1881年第一次向美國遷徙過程中,集體貧困是最重要原因,但是后來集體迫害成為最主要原因,因為越來越多的俄國猶太人中產(chǎn)階級加入了移民美國的大潮中。 第二章分析美國政府針對俄國移民到來在政策方面所作的調整。美國政府雖然并沒有出臺專門針對猶太人群體的移民法案,但是美國的每一次移民政策的調整似乎都跟俄國猶太移民大規(guī)模到來有關系。美國1881年移民法、1893年移民法、1903年移民法以及1921年移民法的出臺與俄國發(fā)生的迫害事件導致大批猶太人外遷在時間上高度一致。整體上看,這一時期的美國移民政策逐漸走向嚴厲,這與美國當時國內經(jīng)濟大環(huán)境密切相關。此時國內邊疆開拓已經(jīng)進入尾聲,城市里的勞資矛盾日益突出,在間歇性經(jīng)濟蕭條中,移民問題變得異常尖銳,勞工領袖經(jīng)常在移民問題上大做文章。移民政策的嚴厲主要表現(xiàn)在移民法中增加許多限制性條款,并加強移民法的執(zhí)法力度,引起猶太社團領袖的不滿。在這一章,本文將著重探討美國的移民社團領袖在為俄國猶太移民爭取權利的過程中所作的種種努力。 第三章探討俄國猶太人在美國的適應過程。這個部分主要圍繞三個方面問題,即經(jīng)濟適應、“隔都”問題和文化適應,展開論述。通過分析,我們可以看出,俄國猶太人通過自身的努力,改變生活狀況,打消了美國猶太社會擔心他們成為社會慈善負擔的疑慮,證明了他們的生存能力不比德裔猶太人差。本文指出,俄國猶太人最初主要從事服裝行業(yè)和商販活動,為此他們忍受著血汗工廠的惡劣環(huán)境,但在他們攢夠足夠的資金后,轉向了其他更有前途的行業(yè)。 “隔都”問題也是美國社會普遍關心的問題。本文對這個問題的分析主要立足于紐約下東區(qū)“隔都”的經(jīng)歷之上。紐約“隔都”是美國最大的俄裔猶太人社區(qū),他們選擇在“隔都”生存實際上是延續(xù)他們在歐洲的生活方式。在這樣的環(huán)境里,他們感到安全，，因為這里的人多講意第緒語,而且多信仰猶太教正統(tǒng)派。但是“隔都”的擁擠、骯臟損害了俄裔猶太人的形象,引起老一代美國猶太移民的反感,所以紐約猶太社團為改變這一狀況,成立工業(yè)轉移辦公室,鼓勵“隔都”里血汗工廠向內陸城鎮(zhèn)轉移,并為轉移提供資金支持,最終成功地將5萬俄國猶太人轉移出了紐約“隔都”。 文化適應問題也是這一部分內容的關注重點。宗教是文化的核心,所以在探討文化適應時,本文著重探討東歐猶太人的宗教信仰的變化。本文指出,在東歐猶太移民大規(guī)模到達美國之前,美國猶太人的主體成分是德裔猶太人,他們信仰猶太教改革派。這種信仰受啟蒙運動的影響較大,與美國的基督教清教主義非常類似,而東歐猶太人多信仰猶太教正統(tǒng)派。俄國猶太人大規(guī)模涌入美國之后發(fā)現(xiàn)真正能夠維持俄國猶太人過正統(tǒng)信仰生活的設施和場所非常少,紐約的猶太教神學院是為數(shù)不多的猶太教正統(tǒng)派布道的講壇。美國猶太社會的領袖決定給猶太教正統(tǒng)派給予資助,但是這種資助是有前提的,即要求正統(tǒng)派在傳教布道的過程中不可過于拘泥于猶太教的傳統(tǒng)。這樣,正統(tǒng)派與改革派之間達成了某種妥協(xié),其結果就是美國猶太教又出現(xiàn)了另外一個派別,即猶太教保守派,從而形成了當今美國猶太教信仰的格局,即猶太教正統(tǒng)派、改革派和保守派。 第四章著重探討美國猶太社會權力重新分配的情況。隨著俄國猶太人的到來,德裔猶太人占美國猶太社會多數(shù)的格局被打破。本文認為,在這個權力交替的過程中,俄裔猶太人代言人布蘭代斯起到了關鍵性作用。布蘭代斯成功地利用了猶太復國主義運動以及當時美國的進步主義運動,創(chuàng)立美國猶太人大會,并根據(jù)“一人一票”的民主原則,實現(xiàn)了俄裔猶太人對美國猶太事務的掌控。在這一部分,本文還試圖分析俄裔猶太人同情猶太復國主義運動的原因,以及德裔猶太人持非復國主義立場的原因,并對雙方的辯論進行了史學意義上的再現(xiàn)。 第五章考察了俄裔猶太人的重生及其對美國社會所作出的貢獻,指出俄裔猶太人要實現(xiàn)重生,不能僅僅被動地等待美國社會為他們提供法律保障和權利救濟,而且還要通過行動積極爭取權利。爭取到的權利之大小實際上有賴于他們自身對美國社會貢獻的多寡。俄裔猶太人為美國社會創(chuàng)造作出諸多貢獻,在商業(yè)、文學藝術、學術研究、社會活動等領域都涌現(xiàn)出俄裔猶太籍社會精英。此外,本章還指出俄裔猶太人在美國取得成功的最主要原因在于他們對教育的重視以及及早進行人生職業(yè)規(guī)劃。 在結論部分,本文指出,俄裔猶太人通過自身的不斷努力,全面融入美國現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的大潮之中,思想觀念趨向世俗化,政治參與的積極性提高,走出了一條獨特的現(xiàn)代化之路,并為美國社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展做出了貢獻。俄裔猶太人在美國社會取得的成功也對猶太民族的未來產(chǎn)生重大影響。他們通過院外游說活動,對美國的國家政策施加影響,最終使美國后來成為支持猶太復國運動的核心力量。
[Abstract]:In this paper, Russian-American Jews who poured into the United States between 1881 and 1920 were used as research objects, and made full use of the main Jewish newspapers published in the United States between 1881 and 1920, the report of the United States Congress, etc., and applied the historical view of materialism and the dialectics, and combined with the method of sociology. The reason of the Russian-American Jewish immigrants in the United States during the period of 1881 to 1920, as well as the response of the United States Government, has been investigated, and the modernization of the Russian-American Jews has been deeply discussed, and it is revealed that the Russian Jews have been involved in the modern economic division of labor after the migration of the United States, Step out of the process of integration of the "all the way" into the process of urbanization, gradually accept the process of secularization and actively participate in the political life. This paper is divided into the introduction, the text and the conclusion. The text is divided into five parts. Chapter I. Interpretation of Russian Jewish Immigrants in the United States The analysis in this respect first involves the political and economic environment of the two aspects of the United States and Russia, and points out that the persecution of the Jews frequently occurred in Russia is an important push for the Russian Jews to go far away. The force, while the Jewish immigration agency on both sides of the Atlantic, plays an important role in the migration of the Russian Jews to the United States One of the problems that is still trying to solve is that, in the two reasons that lead to the movement of the Russian Jews _ the collective persecution and the collective poverty _ which one is the most important, it is pointed out that in the first time in 1881 of the Russian Jews to the United States, collective poverty is the most important Because, however, collective persecution has become the most important cause, as more and more of the Russian Jewish middle classes have joined the spring of the migration of the United States in chap. II, that analysis of the U. S. government's policy towards the arrival of Russian immigrants The U. S. government has not introduced the immigration act specifically for the Jewish population, but every immigration policy in the United States seems to have come to a large scale with the Russian-Jewish immigrants There is a relationship. The Immigration Act of 1881, the Immigration Act of 1893, the Immigration Act of 1903 and the enactment of the Immigration Act of 1921 and the persecution of the Russian Federation have led to a large number of Jewish outings in time As a whole, the U.S. immigration policy in this period is going to be severe, which is closely related to the American economic environment at that time Cut the correlation. At this time, the domestic frontier development has come to an end, the labor contradiction in the city is becoming more and more prominent, in the intermittent economic depression, the migration problem becomes more and more acute, the labor leader is often large in the migration problem The harshness of the immigration policy is to add a number of restrictive provisions in the immigration law and to strengthen the law enforcement of the immigration law, leading to the leader of the Jewish community. In this chapter, the article will focus on the kind of American immigrant community leader in the process of securing the rights of the Russian Jewish immigrants. The third chapter explores Russian Jews in the United States The process of adaptation. This part focuses on three aspects, namely, economic adaptation, "all the way" and cultural adaptation Through the analysis, we can see that the Russian Jews, through their own efforts, to change their living conditions and to reassure the Jewish community of the United States that they have become a social and charitable burden, have proved that their viability is not better than that of Germany. The Jewish difference. This article points out that the Russian Jews are primarily engaged in the clothing industry and the business of vendors, and for that reason, they are suffering from the harsh environment of the sweatshop, but after they have saved enough money, they turn to other more The industry of the future. The "all the way" is also the American society The analysis of this problem is based on the "all the way" 's experience. New York is" the largest of the American-American Jewish communities in the United States, and they choose to live in the same way," in practice, to perpetuate them. The way of life in Europe. In such an environment, they feel safe, because the people here speak more and more The Jewish community in New York, in order to change the situation, set up an industrial transfer office to encourage the "all the way" of sweatshops in the "all the way". The transfer of the inland towns and the support of the transfer, eventually succeeded in transferring the 50,000 Russian Jews to the "all the way" in New York. ". The problem of cultural adaptation is also the same The focus of some content is that religion is the core of culture. Therefore, in the study of cultural adaptation, this paper focuses on the study of the Jews in Eastern Europe. A change in the religious beliefs of a man. It is pointed out that, before the large-scale arrival of Jewish immigrants in Eastern Europe, the principal component of the American Jewish people is German-Jewish, and he The faith is influenced by the Enlightenment of the Enlightenment, which is very similar to the Christian Puritanism in the United States, while Eastern European Jews The Jewish Orthodox Church of many faiths. After the massive influx of Russian Jews into the United States, it has been found that there are very few facilities and places to live in the orthodox faith of the Russian Jews, and the Judaism in New York is a small Jewish state. The pulpit of the orthodoxy. The leader of the American Jewish community decided to grant the synagogue of the synagogue, but it was the precondition that the Orthodox Church should not be too much in the course of a preacher's sermon. The tradition of binding to Judaism. In this way, a kind of compromise has been reached between the Orthodox and the reformist, and the result is that the American Judaism has another faction, the Jewish conservative, to form the pattern of the American Jewish faith, that is, the orthodox of Judaism. Pirates, Reformers and Conservatives. The fourth chapter focuses on the American Jewish community. The redistribution of social power. With the arrival of Russian Jews, German-American Jews account for the United States. The pattern of the majority of the society is broken. The paper is of the view that, in the process of the alternation of power, the Russian-American Jewish voice cloth Landes played a key role. Mr. Brandeus succeeded in using the Zionist movement and the progressive movement of the United States at that time, created the American Jewish Congress and, in accordance with the democratic principles of the "One vote for one person", realized the Russian-American Jewish community. In this part, the author also tries to analyze the reason why the Russian-American Jews sympathize with the Zionist movement, as well as the reasons for the non-Zionist position of the German-American Jews, and to debate the two sides. The fifth chapter examines the rebirth of Russian-American Jews and their contribution to the American society, and points out that the Russian-American Jews are to be reborn, and that they can not only passively wait for the American society to provide them with legal guarantee and right relief. And the right to be actively pursued through action. The size of the right to reach is in fact dependent on him. Russian-American Jews have made many contributions to the American society, and in the fields of commerce, literature and art, academic research, social activities, etc. This chapter also points out that the most important reason for the success of the Russian-American Jews in the United States is their re-education In conclusion, this paper points out that the Russian-American Jews are fully integrated into the tide of the modern economy of the United States through their continuous efforts, and the ideas tend to be secularized and the enthusiasm of political participation is raised. High, out of a unique road of modernization, and To make a contribution to the development of American social and economic development, and the success of the Russian-American Jews in the American society They also have a major impact on the future of the Jewish people. They have influence on the U.S. national policy through an out-of-court lobbying campaign, which eventually led the United States to
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：K712.5

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本文編號：2479530