【摘要】： 冷戰(zhàn)時期,美國形成了為其全球戰(zhàn)略服務(wù)的各種軍事戰(zhàn)略,包括“遏制戰(zhàn)略”和各種核戰(zhàn)略,如大規(guī)模報復(fù)戰(zhàn)略、靈活反應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略、限制損傷戰(zhàn)略、確保摧毀戰(zhàn)略、現(xiàn)實威懾戰(zhàn)略、有限核威懾戰(zhàn)略和新靈活反應(yīng)戰(zhàn)略。與此相適應(yīng),美國的軍備建設(shè),無論是在發(fā)展常規(guī)軍備還是在研制核武器方面,都不斷發(fā)生變化。 美國在“二戰(zhàn)”后登上了世界霸主的寶座。壟斷資本主義的發(fā)展,迫切要求對外侵略和擴張。但隨著蘇聯(lián)軍事實力不斷膨脹并向全球擴張,美國的霸主地位受到了強有力的挑戰(zhàn)。全世界形成了兩強對峙、爭奪霸權(quán)的局面,是美國在這一時期不斷調(diào)整軍事戰(zhàn)略與軍備建設(shè)的歷史背景和國際環(huán)境。 1945—1953年,美國推行以常規(guī)武器為主的“遏制戰(zhàn)略”。在這一戰(zhàn)略支配下,美國從核軍備和常規(guī)軍備兩方面大幅度加強常備兵力,時刻準(zhǔn)備同蘇聯(lián)及其盟國打一場常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭。這一時期,美國的軍備建設(shè)重點發(fā)展常規(guī)武器,但也加緊核武器的研制工作。在常規(guī)軍力建設(shè)方面,重空輕海,空軍成為一個獨立軍種。而軍隊指揮權(quán)的統(tǒng)一,也使長期困擾美國軍隊的一大難題得以解決。 1954—1969年,美國采取以打擊對方城市為主的“威懾型”核戰(zhàn)略。這期間,美國認為只要建立一支核力量,能確保摧毀蘇聯(lián)主要城市,就足以阻遏蘇聯(lián)對美國發(fā)動核突襲。主要包括“大規(guī)模報復(fù)”戰(zhàn)略、“靈活反應(yīng)”戰(zhàn)略和“確保摧毀”戰(zhàn)略,雖然名稱和內(nèi)容不同,但目標(biāo)都是威懾。這一時期,美國推行以常規(guī)為主的多樣化軍備建設(shè),陸軍受到了重視。 到70—80年代,美國推行以打擊對方軍事目標(biāo)為主的“實戰(zhàn)型”核戰(zhàn)略。主要包括“現(xiàn)實威懾”戰(zhàn)略、“有限核威懾”戰(zhàn)略和新“靈活反應(yīng)”戰(zhàn)略。這些戰(zhàn)略都處在既想保持核優(yōu)勢又不敢打核大戰(zhàn)這樣一種矛盾之中,由此產(chǎn)生的各種作戰(zhàn)理論,實際上都是圍繞常規(guī)戰(zhàn)爭而展開的。這些都影響到這時期美國的軍備建設(shè)——在發(fā)展核力量的同時,更加重視發(fā)展常規(guī)力量。同時,在國防管理方面進行了一系列頗有成效的改革。 總之,“二戰(zhàn)”之后是美國軍事戰(zhàn)略最多變的時期,然而這些軍事戰(zhàn)略又都是圍繞其全球戰(zhàn)略而設(shè)計和展開的,其主要內(nèi)容為:以美國的實力為出發(fā)點,配合美國世界戰(zhàn)略的總體構(gòu)想,使用美國的軍事力量尤其是核武裝力量。美國軍事戰(zhàn)略的基石是核威懾。本文試圖通過對冷戰(zhàn)時期美國軍事戰(zhàn)略與軍備建設(shè)的探討來進一步揭示美國最終取得冷戰(zhàn)勝利的原因,以彌補當(dāng)今研究上的某些不足。
[Abstract]:During the cold war, the United States developed a variety of military strategies in the service of its global strategy, including the containment Strategy and nuclear strategies, such as large-scale retaliatory strategies, flexible response strategies, damage limitation strategies and destruction strategies, Realistic deterrence strategy, limited nuclear deterrence strategy and new flexible response strategy. In line with this, the arms construction of the United States has been constantly changing, both in the development of conventional arms and in the development of nuclear weapons. The United States ascended the throne of world hegemony after World War II. The development of monopoly capitalism urgently requires foreign aggression and expansion. However, with the expansion of Soviet military power and global expansion, the dominant position of the United States has been strongly challenged. The world has formed a confrontation between the two powers and competed for hegemony, which is the historical background and international environment for the United States to constantly adjust its military strategy and arms construction during this period. From 1945 to 1953, the United States pursued a containment strategy dominated by conventional weapons. Under the domination of this strategy, the United States has greatly strengthened its standing strength in terms of nuclear and conventional arms and is always ready to wage a conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies. During this period, the United States focused on the development of conventional weapons in arms construction, but also stepped up the development of nuclear weapons. In the aspect of conventional military strength construction, the air force has become an independent service by focusing on the air and light the sea. The unity of military command has also solved a major problem that has been perplexing the American army for a long time. From 1954 to 1969, the United States adopted a deterrence nuclear strategy based on cracking down on each other's cities. During this period, the United States believed that the establishment of a nuclear force that would ensure the destruction of major Soviet cities would be enough to deter the Soviet Union from launching a nuclear raid on the United States. It mainly includes "large-scale revenge" strategy, "flexible response" strategy and "ensure destruction" strategy, although the name and content are different, but the goal is deterrence. During this period, the United States carried out diversified arms construction dominated by conventional weapons, and the Army received attention. By the 1980 s, the United States pursued a "actual combat" nuclear strategy based on attacking each other's military targets. It mainly includes realistic deterrence strategy, limited nuclear deterrence strategy and new flexible response strategy. These strategies are in the contradiction of wanting to maintain nuclear superiority and afraid to fight a nuclear war, and the resulting operational theories are actually carried out around conventional wars. All this affected the arms building of the United States during this period-while developing nuclear forces, paying more attention to the development of conventional forces. At the same time, a series of fruitful reforms have been carried out in the field of national defense management. In a word, after World War II, the most changeable period of American military strategy, however, these military strategies are designed and carried out around their global strategy, and their main contents are as follows: based on the strength of the United States, In line with the overall vision of the US world strategy, the use of US military forces, especially the nuclear armed forces. The cornerstone of American military strategy is nuclear deterrence. This paper attempts to further reveal the reasons why the United States finally won the Cold War through the discussion of American military strategy and arms construction during the Cold War, in order to make up for some shortcomings in today's research.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K712.54

【引證文獻】

中國博士學(xué)位論文全文數(shù)據(jù)庫 前1條

1 楊耕;冷戰(zhàn)后國際體系單極主導(dǎo)型權(quán)力模式探析[D];吉林大學(xué);2012年

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本文編號：2477606