【摘要】： 土耳其海峽問(wèn)題是近代國(guó)際關(guān)系的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題—“東方問(wèn)題”的重要組 成部分，在18世紀(jì)末至20世紀(jì)初的英國(guó)對(duì)外政策中占有重要地位。出于 維持“歐洲均勢(shì)”的需要，也出于確保英國(guó)通向東方之路暢通的考慮，英 國(guó)從18世紀(jì)末至19世紀(jì)30、40年代，，逐漸形成了對(duì)土耳其海峽的傳統(tǒng)政 策。它有兩個(gè)顯著特征：第一，堅(jiān)持奧斯曼土耳其帝國(guó)對(duì)黑海兩海峽的主 權(quán)，當(dāng)土耳其處于和平時(shí)期，海峽對(duì)外國(guó)戰(zhàn)艦關(guān)閉；第二，維持土耳其的 獨(dú)立和領(lǐng)土完整，以此保證和加強(qiáng)士耳其對(duì)海峽的主權(quán)。這一政策是英國(guó) 扼制歐洲其他大國(guó)、主要是扼制俄國(guó)在中近東地區(qū)擴(kuò)張的產(chǎn)物。 19世紀(jì)后半葉，由于歐洲資本主義國(guó)家政治經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的不平衡，德國(guó) 統(tǒng)一后迅速崛起成為歐洲強(qiáng)國(guó)，歐洲同盟體系發(fā)生了顯著變化，大英帝國(guó) 的霸權(quán)地位在世界范圍內(nèi)受到挑戰(zhàn)。在新形勢(shì)下，英國(guó)完全堅(jiān)持傳統(tǒng)政策 已不可能，也不再符合帝國(guó)的整體利益。1875年近東危機(jī)以后至1915年 英法俄簽訂海峽協(xié)定，英國(guó)從維持土耳其領(lǐng)土完整到參與對(duì)土耳其的瓜分， 從堅(jiān)持海峽關(guān)閉政策到同意按俄國(guó)意愿安排海峽和君士坦丁堡的命運(yùn)，傳 統(tǒng)的海峽政策發(fā)生了有意義的變化。然而，英國(guó)維護(hù)其帝國(guó)利益的實(shí)質(zhì)卻 沒(méi)有改變。 英國(guó)的海峽政策不是孤立的，它的形成和演變，反映了列強(qiáng)在中近東 地區(qū)的爭(zhēng)奪與勾結(jié)，體現(xiàn)了大國(guó)外交的兩個(gè)主要特征：“均勢(shì)原則”和“補(bǔ) 償原則”。正是歐洲大國(guó)維持中近東“均勢(shì)”的需要，才使行將衰亡的土耳 其又茍延殘喘地生存了100余年；也正是在不能完全維持土耳其獨(dú)立和領(lǐng) 土完整的情況下，列強(qiáng)又紛紛追逐補(bǔ)償。英國(guó)的海峽外交不僅從屬于英國(guó) 對(duì)外政策的總戰(zhàn)略，而且與列強(qiáng)在中近東地區(qū)的角逐及紛繁的國(guó)際問(wèn)題交 織在一起。 本文重點(diǎn)闡述土耳其海峽在英國(guó)中近東戰(zhàn)略中的地位和作用；分析英 國(guó)對(duì)土耳其海峽政策的演變及演變?cè)�；揭示英�?guó)海峽政策與其“歐洲均 勢(shì)”政策、帝國(guó)防御政策及外交總戰(zhàn)略之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)系。
[Abstract]:The issue of the Turkish Strait is an important part of the "Oriental issue", a hot issue in modern international relations, and plays an important role in Britain's foreign policy from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. In order to maintain the "European balance," and to ensure Britain's path to the East, the British countries from the end of the 18th century to the 1830s, the 1940s, the United Kingdom from the end of the 1800s to the 1930s, the 1940s, Gradually formed a traditional policy towards the Turkish Strait. It has two salient features: first, the insistence of Ottoman Turkish Empire over the Black Sea two straits, when Turkey is in peace, the Strait closed to foreign warships; Second, maintain Turkey's independence and territorial integrity in order to guarantee and strengthen its sovereignty over the Straits. This policy was the product of Britain's curbing of other European powers, mainly Russia's expansion in the Middle and near East. In the second half of the 19th century, due to the imbalance in the political and economic development of the European capitalist countries, Germany rose rapidly to become a European power after reunification, and the European alliance system changed significantly. The hegemony of the British Empire was challenged worldwide. Under the new situation, it is no longer possible for Britain to fully adhere to its traditional policy and is no longer in the interests of the Empire as a whole. After the near-East crisis of 1875 and the signing of the Straits Agreement between Britain, France and Russia in 1915, From maintaining Turkey's territorial integrity to participating in the division of Turkey, from insisting on the closure policy of the Straits to agreeing to arrange the fate of the Straits and Constantinople according to Russia's will, There has been a meaningful change in the policy of the Taiwan Strait. However, the essence of Britain's defence of the interests of its empire has not changed. Britain's straits policy is not isolated. Its formation and evolution reflect the rivalry and collusion of the great powers in the Central and near East. It embodies two main characteristics of great power diplomacy: the principle of balance of power and the principle of compensation. It is the need of the great powers of Europe to maintain the balance of power between the middle and the east, which makes the dying earthen survive for more than 100 years. It was under the condition that Turkey's independence and territorial integrity could not be fully maintained, the powers pursued compensation again. British cross-strait diplomacy is not only subordinate to the general strategy of Britain's foreign policy, but also intertwined with the rivalry of the powers in the Middle-near East region and the numerous international problems. This paper focuses on the position and role of the Turkish Strait in Britain's Middle-near East Strategy, analyzes the evolution of British policy towards the Turkish Strait and the reasons for its evolution. It reveals the internal relationship between the British Strait policy and its "European parity" policy, imperial defense policy and foreign general strategy.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：首都師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2001
【分類號(hào)】：K561.4

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 李兵;國(guó)際戰(zhàn)略通道研究[D];中共中央黨校;2005年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前3條

1 牛懷志;索爾茲伯里外交政策探析[D];山東師范大學(xué);2009年

2 張劍;阿卜杜·哈米德二世時(shí)期的土耳其危機(jī)[D];山西大學(xué);2010年

3 吳瑕;19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初英國(guó)的亞美尼亞政策研究[D];廣西師范大學(xué);2012年

本文編號(hào)：2458414