【摘要】： 在古希臘史上,雅典人阿爾基比阿德斯是一位具有戲劇性和爭(zhēng)議性的歷史人物,是伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期表現(xiàn)活躍的軍事將領(lǐng)和政治家。有人說(shuō)他可能是雅典人中最聰明的人,擁有著超乎常人的天賦和能力;但也有人質(zhì)疑他的道德與野心,強(qiáng)盛的欲望和不端的秉性使其被史家所詬病。他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)皆是如此的突出,單憑哪一樣都足以令其名垂史冊(cè)。正如奈波斯所載,“造化像是有意在此人身上顯其神功,因?yàn)樗杏浭鲞^(guò)他的人均認(rèn)定,無(wú)論是缺點(diǎn)抑或優(yōu)點(diǎn)均無(wú)出其右者�！� 阿爾基比阿德斯是雅典民主政治造就的一名杰出的政治精英。在他的煽動(dòng)下,雅典人決定在伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后期采取賭博式的軍事行動(dòng)——西西里遠(yuǎn)征,他亦如愿當(dāng)選遠(yuǎn)征將軍之一。然而,就在承載著阿氏個(gè)人夢(mèng)想和所有雅典人美好期冀的遠(yuǎn)征開(kāi)始之前,在雅典發(fā)生了褻瀆赫爾墨斯神像事件。該事件以及由此牽連到的褻瀆秘儀事件使雅典人擔(dān)心民主制度將要被人推翻,于是雅典公民大會(huì)開(kāi)始對(duì)嫌疑最大的阿爾基比阿德斯進(jìn)行調(diào)查指控,并最終決定將已經(jīng)身在西西里領(lǐng)兵征戰(zhàn)的他召回雅典。慮及回國(guó)受審的兇險(xiǎn)處境,阿氏在半路逃跑,流亡敵境。此后,阿氏被迫游走于斯巴達(dá)、波斯和雅典之間,演繹了一段在其個(gè)人與雅典民主政治之間發(fā)生的、充斥著叛離與回歸、斗爭(zhēng)與和解、依賴(lài)與利用關(guān)系的復(fù)雜紛繁的希臘歷史�？梢哉f(shuō),從阿氏登上雅典政壇到其生命的終結(jié),其個(gè)人的生死榮辱以及他與雅典民主政治的分合好壞成為左右這段時(shí)期的希臘歷史的重要因素之一。 作為雅典政治精英的典型人物之一,阿氏在政治上所遭受的悲慘際遇并非個(gè)體的、偶然的現(xiàn)象,政治精英們的集體罹難是雅典民主政治的必然產(chǎn)物。造成此種政治窘境的深層次原因大致如下:首先,防范英雄是雅典民主制度所遵循的重要原則之一,防范英雄的思想觀(guān)念在雅典民眾內(nèi)心當(dāng)中根深蒂固;其次,僭主政治的陰影籠罩著雅典城,雅典人憎恨僭主的程度比熱愛(ài)民主的感情要有過(guò)之而無(wú)不及,他們要將一切有可能滋生僭主政治的企圖扼殺在搖籃中;最后,陶片放逐法的實(shí)施為防范英雄的思想觀(guān)念和堅(jiān)決杜絕僭主政治的做法提供了法律制度上的保障,確保了雅典民主制度的權(quán)威和永存。要言之,像阿氏這樣的政治精英們正是雅典民主制度和規(guī)則的產(chǎn)物,他們遵守著這種制度和規(guī)則并為之受難。
[Abstract]:In ancient Greek history, Athenian Alchibi Adders was a dramatic and controversial historical figure, a military general and statesman who was active in the late Peloponnesian War. Some say he is perhaps the smartest of the Athenians, with extraordinary talents and abilities, but others question his morality and ambition, his strong desires and his misdemeanour, which has been denounced by historians. His strengths and demerits are so prominent that any one of them alone is enough to make him famous in the annals of history. As Naboth put it, "the image of creation is intended to manifest its divine power in this person, for all those who have written about him have concluded that neither the shortcomings nor the merits are to the right of the right." Alchibiad was an outstanding political elite created by Athenian democracy. At his instigation, the Athenians decided to take a gambling military operation in the late Peloponnesian period, the Sicily Expedition, and he was elected as one of the Expedition generals. However, the desecration of Hermes took place in Athens just before the expedition, which carried Asher's personal dreams and the aspirations of all Athenians. The incident, as well as the associated blasphemy incident, caused Athenians to fear that democracy would be overthrown, and the Athens Citizenship Assembly opened an investigation into the most suspected Alchibi Adders. He finally decided to recall to Athens, who had already led the war in Sicily. Taking into account the dangerous situation of returning to China for trial, Asher escaped halfway through the country and ran into exile. Since then, Ashi was forced to swim between Sparta, Persia and Athens, performing a complex Greek history of defection and return, struggle and reconciliation, dependence and exploitation between his individual and Athenian democracy. It can be said that from the ascendant of Athenian politics to the end of his life, his personal honor and disgrace, as well as his separation with Athenian democratic politics, became one of the important factors that influenced the history of Greece in this period. As one of the typical figures of the Athenian political elite, Ashi's tragic political encounter is not individual, accidental phenomenon, the collective death of the political elite is the inevitable outcome of Athenian democracy. The deep-seated reasons for this kind of political dilemma are as follows: firstly, the prevention of heroes is one of the important principles followed by the Athenian democratic system, and the ideology of guarding against heroes is deeply rooted in the hearts of the Athenian people; Secondly, the shadow of the tyrannical politics shrouded the city of Athens, and the Athenians hated them to a greater extent than they loved democracy, and they wanted to stifle in the cradle all the attempts that might have given rise to the tyrannical politics; Finally, the implementation of the Law of Pottery exile provides a legal system guarantee for the prevention of heroic ideas and the resolute elimination of unauthorized politics, and ensures the authority and permanence of the Athenian democratic system. To be sure, political elites like Asher are the product of Athens's democratic institutions and rules, which they abide by and suffer for.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：K125

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