蘇丹土埃統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的奴隸問(wèn)題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-26 07:05
【摘要】：蘇丹的奴隸貿(mào)易歷史久遠(yuǎn),從古埃及時(shí)期到近代的19世紀(jì)末,奴隸貿(mào)易一直是蘇丹歷史發(fā)展的主題之一。土埃統(tǒng)治時(shí)期是蘇丹奴隸貿(mào)易發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)期。在土埃統(tǒng)治的前半期,蘇丹的奴隸貿(mào)易趨于鼎盛。大量的非洲土著黑人被當(dāng)作奴隸,從達(dá)爾富爾以南、努巴山區(qū)、青尼羅河地區(qū)、埃塞俄比亞邊界地帶及南蘇丹地區(qū)運(yùn)送至蘇丹各地的奴隸市場(chǎng),然后再通過(guò)主要的商路,販賣至北蘇丹地區(qū)、埃及和阿拉伯半島等地。這些蘇丹奴隸在社會(huì)中扮演著妻妾、仆人、閹人、士兵及農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)力等角色,是維持蘇丹穆斯林各階層生活、生產(chǎn)和統(tǒng)治的關(guān)鍵所在。土埃政權(quán)本身的建立也與蘇丹黑奴有著密切的關(guān)系。1821年,為建立一支強(qiáng)大的奴隸武裝,穆罕默德·阿里入侵蘇丹,并在蘇丹建立土埃政權(quán)。土埃統(tǒng)治初期,為了滿足穆罕默德·阿里對(duì)黑奴的需求,土埃統(tǒng)治者以暴力為主要手段,在蘇丹各地展開(kāi)頻繁的獵奴活動(dòng)。為了進(jìn)一步獲取包括黑奴在內(nèi)的各種資源、以及探尋尼羅河源頭的需要,穆罕默德·阿里發(fā)動(dòng)了多次深入白尼羅河上游地區(qū)的探險(xiǎn)活動(dòng),最終開(kāi)辟了白尼羅河航道。南方航道的開(kāi)通,使得南蘇丹地區(qū)直接暴露在外界面前。為了掠奪象牙和販賣奴隸,歐洲和阿拉伯商人等各方勢(shì)力大量涌入南蘇丹地區(qū),最終促使蘇丹奴隸貿(mào)易于19世紀(jì)60年代達(dá)到鼎盛。19世紀(jì)50年后期,在英國(guó)的壓力下,土埃政權(quán)發(fā)起打壓奴貿(mào)易的行動(dòng)。從穆罕默德·賽義德到赫迪夫·伊斯梅爾統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,蘇丹的禁奴貿(mào)易實(shí)踐經(jīng)歷了“局部打壓”、“全面打壓”及“強(qiáng)制打壓”等三個(gè)階段。土埃政權(quán)的禁奴貿(mào)易實(shí)踐在結(jié)果上對(duì)蘇丹的歷史發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重要的影響:其一,奠定了蘇丹近代國(guó)家地理版圖的基礎(chǔ);其二,禁奴貿(mào)易實(shí)踐觸犯了蘇丹穆斯林社會(huì)各階層的傳統(tǒng)利益,助推了馬赫迪起義的爆發(fā),最終導(dǎo)致了土埃政權(quán)的覆滅。
[Abstract]:The slave trade in Sudan has a long history. From the ancient Egypt period to the end of the 19 th century, the slave trade has always been one of the themes of Sudan's historical development. The period of Turkish-Egyptian rule was a turning point for the development of the Sudanese slave trade. During the first half of Turkey's reign, Sudan's slave trade flourished. A large number of African indigenous blacks were used as slaves, transported from the southern part of Darfur, the Nuba Mountains, the Blue Nile region, the Ethiopian border zone and South Sudan to slave markets throughout the Sudan, and then through the main commercial routes. They are sold to northern Sudan, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. These Sudanese slaves played the roles of wives, servants, eunuchs, soldiers and agricultural workers in society, and were the key to maintaining the life, production and rule of all classes of Sudanese Muslims. In 1821, Mohamed Ali invaded Sudan in order to build a strong slave force, and established the Turkish and Egyptian regime in the Sudan. In the early days of Turkish and Egyptian rule, in order to satisfy Mohamed Ali's demand for black slaves, the rulers of Turkey and Egypt took violence as the main means and carried out frequent slave hunting activities throughout Sudan. In order to gain further resources, including slaves, and the need to explore the source of the Nile, Mohamed Ali launched several expeditions into the upper reaches of the White Nile, eventually opening the White Nile Channel. The opening of the Southern Waterway has exposed South Sudan directly to the outside world. In an effort to prey on ivory and the slave trade, European and Arab traders poured into South Sudan, culminating in the Sudanese slave trade in the 1960s, under pressure from Britain in the late 1850's. Turkey and Egypt launched a crackdown on the slave trade. During the period from Mohamed said to Hediv Ismail, the practice of slavery trade in Sudan experienced three stages: partial suppression, comprehensive suppression and compulsory suppression. The practice of slavery trade in Turkey and Egypt has had an important influence on the development of Sudan. Firstly, it has laid the foundation of the national geography of Sudan in modern times. Second, the practice of slave trade violated the traditional interests of various sections of the Muslim society in Sudan, contributed to the outbreak of the Mahdi uprising, and finally led to the collapse of the Turkish-Egyptian regime.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K412.4
本文編號(hào)：2391705
[Abstract]:The slave trade in Sudan has a long history. From the ancient Egypt period to the end of the 19 th century, the slave trade has always been one of the themes of Sudan's historical development. The period of Turkish-Egyptian rule was a turning point for the development of the Sudanese slave trade. During the first half of Turkey's reign, Sudan's slave trade flourished. A large number of African indigenous blacks were used as slaves, transported from the southern part of Darfur, the Nuba Mountains, the Blue Nile region, the Ethiopian border zone and South Sudan to slave markets throughout the Sudan, and then through the main commercial routes. They are sold to northern Sudan, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula. These Sudanese slaves played the roles of wives, servants, eunuchs, soldiers and agricultural workers in society, and were the key to maintaining the life, production and rule of all classes of Sudanese Muslims. In 1821, Mohamed Ali invaded Sudan in order to build a strong slave force, and established the Turkish and Egyptian regime in the Sudan. In the early days of Turkish and Egyptian rule, in order to satisfy Mohamed Ali's demand for black slaves, the rulers of Turkey and Egypt took violence as the main means and carried out frequent slave hunting activities throughout Sudan. In order to gain further resources, including slaves, and the need to explore the source of the Nile, Mohamed Ali launched several expeditions into the upper reaches of the White Nile, eventually opening the White Nile Channel. The opening of the Southern Waterway has exposed South Sudan directly to the outside world. In an effort to prey on ivory and the slave trade, European and Arab traders poured into South Sudan, culminating in the Sudanese slave trade in the 1960s, under pressure from Britain in the late 1850's. Turkey and Egypt launched a crackdown on the slave trade. During the period from Mohamed said to Hediv Ismail, the practice of slavery trade in Sudan experienced three stages: partial suppression, comprehensive suppression and compulsory suppression. The practice of slavery trade in Turkey and Egypt has had an important influence on the development of Sudan. Firstly, it has laid the foundation of the national geography of Sudan in modern times. Second, the practice of slave trade violated the traditional interests of various sections of the Muslim society in Sudan, contributed to the outbreak of the Mahdi uprising, and finally led to the collapse of the Turkish-Egyptian regime.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：K412.4
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1 成飛;蘇丹土埃統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的奴隸問(wèn)題研究[D];西北大學(xué);2017年
2 李莉莉;基于古羅馬三部農(nóng)業(yè)著作的公元前2世紀(jì)—公元1世紀(jì)的古羅馬農(nóng)業(yè)奴隸研究[D];東北師范大學(xué);2017年
，本文編號(hào)：2391705
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