羅馬共和至帝制初期軍團研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-12-14 08:26
【摘要】： 羅馬軍團可以廣義地理解為整個古羅馬軍隊,或者狹義地理解為古羅馬軍隊中的步兵軍團,而步兵是整個羅馬共和時期和羅馬帝國時期軍團的主要組成部分。海軍在羅馬軍團的歷史上一直不受重視,直到奧古斯都時期,羅馬才建立了正規(guī)的海軍。相對于步兵軍團,其他的兵種不論在人數(shù)上還是在作用上都顯得不那么重要。在共和時期,步兵主要來源自公民,除非在特別危機的關(guān)頭,否則需要符合塞爾維烏斯改革所確立的財產(chǎn)等級者才有資格入伍。每個公民在他的一生中某一時段都要參加軍事訓練,并隨時準備被征召。遇到有戰(zhàn)事時會征召部隊,戰(zhàn)事結(jié)束后部隊即被解散。根據(jù)各種文獻的記載,羅馬共和國早期的一個標準羅馬軍團的兵力包含4000到4200名步兵,特別危機的時刻,會征召5000名步兵。而共和國末期到帝國時期的軍團則包含5000到6200名步兵。 相對于羅馬軍團中的步兵,騎兵只是少量配置在羅馬軍團中。從共和早期起,標準的配置是每個軍團300騎兵,這一數(shù)字一直沒有大的變化。從羅馬共和國到羅馬帝國,羅馬所取得的無數(shù)軍事勝利,主要都是由步兵軍團所贏得,羅馬軍事上的諸多優(yōu)勢和特點也都體現(xiàn)在步兵軍團上。 在連綿不斷的戰(zhàn)爭中,羅馬軍團學習吸收了其敵人的優(yōu)勢并發(fā)展出了自己的組織結(jié)構(gòu),即著名的中隊軍團的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。武器也以投槍和用于刺殺的短劍為主,配合以橢圓型大盾,完善和加強了羅馬步兵的單兵作戰(zhàn)能力,這些方面結(jié)合起來,大大加強了羅馬軍團的戰(zhàn)力。此外,羅馬軍團有著嚴格的軍事制度,在外行軍作戰(zhàn),即使只過一夜也必須修建完整的宿營地與工事。并且有嚴格的軍紀和獎勵制度,違反作戰(zhàn)和宿營紀律及制度者將受到嚴厲的處罰,而對有軍功者也有其獨特的榮譽獎勵方式。 至布匿戰(zhàn)爭之后共和早期的軍事制度已經(jīng)衰敗,此后馬略將不符合財產(chǎn)資格的無產(chǎn)者列入征兵名單,這些無地士兵的利益與軍團將軍聯(lián)系起來,最終導致了羅馬軍團的職業(yè)化。羅馬軍團成為了有著編號、名稱等一切職業(yè)化特征的常備軍。 總之,羅馬軍團和其軍事制度在當時的地中海世界無疑是非常先進和獨特的,雖然也不時遭遇過失敗,但是羅馬人的韌性和其制度上的優(yōu)勢,使其總是能最終擊敗對手,對羅馬的崛起起到了巨大的作用。
[Abstract]:The Roman Legion can be understood broadly as the whole Roman army or as the infantry regiment in the Roman Army which is the main part of the whole Roman Republic and Roman Empire. The Navy was neglected in the history of the Roman Legion, and it was not until Augustus that Rome established a proper navy. The other arms are less important in number and function than infantry. In the Republican era, infantry came mainly from citizens, and only those who met the property class established by the Serbian Reformation were eligible for military service unless in a special crisis. Every citizen takes part in military training at some point in his life and is ready to be conscripted. When there is war, troops are called up and disbanded at the end of the battle. According to various documents, a standard Roman army in the early Roman Republic consisted of 4000 to 4200 infantry, with 5000 infantry in special times of crisis. The legions from the end of the Republic to the Empire consisted of 5000 to 6200 infantry. Cavalry is only a small part of the Roman Legion relative to the infantry in the Roman Legion. Since the early Republican era, the standard allocation was 300 cavalry per regiment, a number that has remained unchanged. From the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire, Rome won numerous military victories mainly by the infantry legions, and many of the advantages and characteristics of the Roman military were also reflected in the infantry legions. In the continuous wars, the Roman Legion learned to absorb the advantages of its enemies and developed its own organizational structure, that is, the famous Middle Legion. The weapon is also used to shoot and kill the short sword, with the elliptical shield, to improve and strengthen the Roman infantry single combat ability, these aspects combined, greatly enhanced the Roman legion's combat power. In addition, the Roman legions had a strict military system, marching outside, and had to build complete camps and fortifications overnight. And there are strict military discipline and reward system. Those who violate the discipline and system of combat and camping will be severely punished. By the time the early Republican military system collapsed after the Punic War, Marlowe had conscripted the unqualified proletarians, the interests of the landless soldiers associated with the army generals, and eventually led to the professionalization of the Roman Legion. The Roman Legion became a standing army with all the professional characteristics of numbers, names, etc. In short, the Roman Legion and its military system were undoubtedly very advanced and unique in the Mediterranean world at that time, and although they had suffered occasional failures, the resilience and institutional superiority of the Romans always enabled them to defeat their opponents at last. It played a huge role in the rise of Rome.
【學位授予單位】：湘潭大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K126
本文編號：2378286
[Abstract]:The Roman Legion can be understood broadly as the whole Roman army or as the infantry regiment in the Roman Army which is the main part of the whole Roman Republic and Roman Empire. The Navy was neglected in the history of the Roman Legion, and it was not until Augustus that Rome established a proper navy. The other arms are less important in number and function than infantry. In the Republican era, infantry came mainly from citizens, and only those who met the property class established by the Serbian Reformation were eligible for military service unless in a special crisis. Every citizen takes part in military training at some point in his life and is ready to be conscripted. When there is war, troops are called up and disbanded at the end of the battle. According to various documents, a standard Roman army in the early Roman Republic consisted of 4000 to 4200 infantry, with 5000 infantry in special times of crisis. The legions from the end of the Republic to the Empire consisted of 5000 to 6200 infantry. Cavalry is only a small part of the Roman Legion relative to the infantry in the Roman Legion. Since the early Republican era, the standard allocation was 300 cavalry per regiment, a number that has remained unchanged. From the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire, Rome won numerous military victories mainly by the infantry legions, and many of the advantages and characteristics of the Roman military were also reflected in the infantry legions. In the continuous wars, the Roman Legion learned to absorb the advantages of its enemies and developed its own organizational structure, that is, the famous Middle Legion. The weapon is also used to shoot and kill the short sword, with the elliptical shield, to improve and strengthen the Roman infantry single combat ability, these aspects combined, greatly enhanced the Roman legion's combat power. In addition, the Roman legions had a strict military system, marching outside, and had to build complete camps and fortifications overnight. And there are strict military discipline and reward system. Those who violate the discipline and system of combat and camping will be severely punished. By the time the early Republican military system collapsed after the Punic War, Marlowe had conscripted the unqualified proletarians, the interests of the landless soldiers associated with the army generals, and eventually led to the professionalization of the Roman Legion. The Roman Legion became a standing army with all the professional characteristics of numbers, names, etc. In short, the Roman Legion and its military system were undoubtedly very advanced and unique in the Mediterranean world at that time, and although they had suffered occasional failures, the resilience and institutional superiority of the Romans always enabled them to defeat their opponents at last. It played a huge role in the rise of Rome.
【學位授予單位】：湘潭大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2008
【分類號】：K126
【引證文獻】
相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前1條
1 魯東升;試論共和時期羅馬騎兵的作用[D];東北師范大學;2010年
，本文編號：2378286
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