美國對土耳其武器禁運研究（1975-1978）
發(fā)布時間：2018-11-06 13:40
【摘要】：土耳其是美國在中東地區(qū)的重要戰(zhàn)略伙伴,尤其是冷戰(zhàn)開始后,雙方的關系更為密切。但是兩國關系的發(fā)展并不是一帆風順的,塞浦路斯問題是影響美土雙邊關系的一個重要因素,并最終導致了20世紀70年代中期美國對土耳其的武器禁運,這一事件對兩國雙邊關系的發(fā)展產生了深遠影響,是兩國雙邊關系發(fā)展中的重要轉折點。 20世紀50年代,土耳其當局重新插手塞浦路斯事務,這使其與希臘在愛琴海爭端不斷。美國出于維持北約東南翼穩(wěn)定的考慮,開始介入塞浦路斯爭端,使這一問題更加復雜。希土兩國在塞浦路斯問題上的分歧最終導致了雙方的武裝沖突。1974年土耳其先后兩次出兵塞浦路斯并攻占了塞島大片土地,為了使土耳其在塞浦路斯問題上讓步,美國國會不顧美國政府的反對,開始對土耳其實施武器禁運。 作為回應,土耳其政府關閉了美國在土耳其的軍事基地,這對雙方都產生了極為消極的影響。為了打破這一局面,以福特(后期為卡特)總統(tǒng)、基辛格國務卿為代表的美國政府開始了艱苦卓絕的取消武器禁運的活動。通過不懈努力,最終于1978年9月26日,美國總統(tǒng)卡特宣布結束對土耳其長達三年的武器禁運。 本文最后對武器禁運的原因以及造成的影響進行了分析評價。美國對土耳其實施武器禁運的原因主要有三點：一是“國會的復興”,1970年代國會與政府對外交權展開了爭奪,并成功“收回”了憲法賦予自己的外交權利,這是國會執(zhí)意對土耳其實施武器禁運成為可能；第二是希臘裔美國人少數(shù)族群游說集團在禁運中起到推波助瀾的作用；第三,武器禁運也是之前土耳其鴉片種植問題的延續(xù)。三方面的因素相互交織,最終導致了武器禁運政策的出臺。武器禁運政策不僅沒能使土耳其從塞島撤軍,反而使塞浦路斯問題更加復雜,增大了解決的難度,同時引起了盟友土耳其的強烈不滿,美國的國家利益也受到了損害。因此,在一定程度上武器禁運政策是失敗的,成為了兩國雙邊關系發(fā)展中的重要轉折點。
[Abstract]:Turkey is an important strategic partner of the United States in the Middle East, especially since the beginning of the Cold War. However, the development of bilateral relations between the two countries has not been smooth sailing. The Cyprus issue is an important factor affecting the bilateral relations between the United States and Turkey, and ultimately led to the arms embargo imposed by the United States on Turkey in the mid-1970s. This event has had a profound impact on the development of bilateral relations and is an important turning point in the development of bilateral relations. The Turkish authorities resumed their involvement in Cyprus in the 1950 s, sparking disputes with Greece over the Aegean Sea. The issue was complicated by the United States' involvement in the Cyprus dispute for the sake of maintaining stability in NATO's southeastern wing. The differences between Greece and Turkey on the Cyprus issue eventually led to an armed conflict between the two sides. In 1974, Turkey sent two troops to Cyprus and captured a large part of the island, in order to make Turkey compromise on the Cyprus issue. The United States Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey despite the opposition of the United States Government. In response, the Turkish government closed U.S. military bases in Turkey, with extremely negative effects on both sides. To break this situation, the United States government, represented by President Ford (later Carter) and Secretary of State Kissinger, began an arduous campaign to lift the arms embargo. Through tireless efforts, on September 26, 1978, President Carter declared the end of the three-year arms embargo against Turkey. Finally, the causes and effects of the arms embargo are analyzed and evaluated. There are three main reasons why the United States imposed an arms embargo on Turkey: first, "the revival of Congress", in the 1970s, Congress and the government competed over diplomatic rights, and successfully "recovered" their diplomatic rights under the Constitution. It is possible for Congress to insist on imposing an arms embargo on Turkey; Second, the Greek-American minority lobby helped fuel the embargo; and third, the arms embargo was a continuation of the previous opium problem in Turkey. The three factors intertwined each other and eventually led to the introduction of the arms embargo policy. The arms embargo policy has not only failed to withdraw Turkish troops from the island, but also complicated the Cyprus problem, made it more difficult to resolve, aroused strong dissatisfaction from its ally Turkey, and damaged the national interests of the United States. Therefore, the arms embargo policy failed to some extent and became an important turning point in the development of bilateral relations.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K153
本文編號：2314439
[Abstract]:Turkey is an important strategic partner of the United States in the Middle East, especially since the beginning of the Cold War. However, the development of bilateral relations between the two countries has not been smooth sailing. The Cyprus issue is an important factor affecting the bilateral relations between the United States and Turkey, and ultimately led to the arms embargo imposed by the United States on Turkey in the mid-1970s. This event has had a profound impact on the development of bilateral relations and is an important turning point in the development of bilateral relations. The Turkish authorities resumed their involvement in Cyprus in the 1950 s, sparking disputes with Greece over the Aegean Sea. The issue was complicated by the United States' involvement in the Cyprus dispute for the sake of maintaining stability in NATO's southeastern wing. The differences between Greece and Turkey on the Cyprus issue eventually led to an armed conflict between the two sides. In 1974, Turkey sent two troops to Cyprus and captured a large part of the island, in order to make Turkey compromise on the Cyprus issue. The United States Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey despite the opposition of the United States Government. In response, the Turkish government closed U.S. military bases in Turkey, with extremely negative effects on both sides. To break this situation, the United States government, represented by President Ford (later Carter) and Secretary of State Kissinger, began an arduous campaign to lift the arms embargo. Through tireless efforts, on September 26, 1978, President Carter declared the end of the three-year arms embargo against Turkey. Finally, the causes and effects of the arms embargo are analyzed and evaluated. There are three main reasons why the United States imposed an arms embargo on Turkey: first, "the revival of Congress", in the 1970s, Congress and the government competed over diplomatic rights, and successfully "recovered" their diplomatic rights under the Constitution. It is possible for Congress to insist on imposing an arms embargo on Turkey; Second, the Greek-American minority lobby helped fuel the embargo; and third, the arms embargo was a continuation of the previous opium problem in Turkey. The three factors intertwined each other and eventually led to the introduction of the arms embargo policy. The arms embargo policy has not only failed to withdraw Turkish troops from the island, but also complicated the Cyprus problem, made it more difficult to resolve, aroused strong dissatisfaction from its ally Turkey, and damaged the national interests of the United States. Therefore, the arms embargo policy failed to some extent and became an important turning point in the development of bilateral relations.
【學位授予單位】：山西大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：K153
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