15-18世紀(jì)葡萄牙馬蘭諾生存狀況研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-10-18 09:32
【摘要】: 馬蘭諾研究是研究猶太人生存狀況,特別是研究中世紀(jì)猶太人生存狀況的一個(gè)重要課題。馬蘭諾是中世紀(jì)反猶運(yùn)動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物,所以,研究馬蘭諾的生存狀況也可以讓人們對(duì)反猶的歷史有更全面的了解。另外馬蘭諾對(duì)自己信仰的堅(jiān)持,馬蘭諾與生命頑強(qiáng)抗?fàn)幍木?馬蘭諾對(duì)世界的貢獻(xiàn),也能帶給我們諸多啟示。 本文主要分兩部分對(duì)葡萄牙馬蘭諾的出現(xiàn)及生存狀況進(jìn)行研究。 第一部分是研究本土葡萄牙馬蘭諾的生存狀況。 首先,分析葡萄牙馬蘭諾的產(chǎn)生。葡萄牙馬蘭諾出現(xiàn)的根本原因主要從猶太人的猶太性、基督教和猶太教的分歧以及猶太人永恒的客民身份來分析。猶太人的猶太性決定了他們的一神教信仰、獨(dú)特的生活方式和價(jià)值觀念,這些對(duì)非猶太人來說無法接受;基督教和猶太教在教義上的分歧,在產(chǎn)生上的特殊淵源,都決定了它對(duì)猶太人的態(tài)度;猶太人的客民身份不僅基督教社會(huì)認(rèn)同,猶太人自身也認(rèn)同,這也決定了猶太人被仇視的處境。直接原因主要從普通民眾和葡萄牙政府兩個(gè)方面來分析,普通民眾主要是由于宗教偏見和嫉妒心的驅(qū)使,葡萄牙政府主要是平衡經(jīng)濟(jì)利益和政治利益的結(jié)果。葡萄牙馬蘭諾的產(chǎn)生采用的是集體改教的形式。 其次,分三個(gè)階段分析葡萄牙馬蘭諾的生存狀況。第一個(gè)階段是葡萄牙馬蘭諾受到相對(duì)寬容對(duì)待的時(shí)期,時(shí)間大約是從1496年“純潔法令”頒布到1580年葡萄牙并入西班牙,此時(shí)葡萄牙馬蘭諾之所以能得到相對(duì)寬容的對(duì)待,主要是因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)的宗教裁判所尚未完全建立,政府對(duì)馬蘭諾采取了相對(duì)寬容的政策;第二個(gè)階段是葡萄牙馬蘭諾受到殘酷迫害的時(shí)期,時(shí)間大約是從1580年葡萄牙并入西班牙到1640年葡萄牙若昂四世復(fù)辟,葡萄牙馬蘭諾之所以會(huì)受到殘酷迫害,是因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)的宗教裁判的活動(dòng)全面展開,政府在西班牙的控制下對(duì)馬蘭諾采取了殘酷的迫害政策;第三個(gè)階段是葡萄牙馬蘭諾再次得到寬容對(duì)待的時(shí)期,時(shí)間大約是從1640年葡萄牙若昂四世復(fù)辟到近代,葡萄牙馬蘭諾之所以能再次得到寬容對(duì)待,是因?yàn)閲?guó)內(nèi)的宗教裁判所逐漸衰落,政府又恢復(fù)了自主權(quán),進(jìn)行了有利于馬蘭諾的改革,對(duì)其再度實(shí)行了相對(duì)寬容的政策。 第二部分是研究境外葡萄牙馬蘭諾的生存狀況。 首先,從相對(duì)寬容時(shí)期和殘酷迫害時(shí)期兩個(gè)階段,分別分析葡萄牙馬蘭諾流散境外的原因。其次,分四大區(qū)域來研究葡萄牙馬蘭諾的生存狀況。這四大區(qū)域分別為鄰國(guó)西班牙,地中海沿岸國(guó)家,西歐北歐諸國(guó)和新大陸。西班牙由于歷史傳統(tǒng)的影響,對(duì)馬蘭諾打擊態(tài)度堅(jiān)決;地中海沿岸國(guó)家,有很多是穆斯林國(guó)家,對(duì)馬蘭諾態(tài)度友好,到那里就可以恢復(fù)祖先信仰,意大利的一些地區(qū)受經(jīng)濟(jì)利益驅(qū)使,也給了馬蘭諾很大的自由;西歐北歐諸國(guó),有很多是新教國(guó)家,也表現(xiàn)出了對(duì)馬蘭諾的友好,即使是一些天主教國(guó)家,也由于宗教裁判所活動(dòng)不頻繁和經(jīng)濟(jì)利益的驅(qū)使,也對(duì)馬蘭諾存在表示默許;新大陸本身基督教傳統(tǒng)就不強(qiáng),而且馬蘭諾實(shí)力強(qiáng)大,所以,他們的生存環(huán)境也比較寬松。第三,分析葡萄牙馬蘭諾流散的影響。葡萄牙馬蘭諾極大的繁榮了流散地的經(jīng)濟(jì);因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)上的強(qiáng)勢(shì),一定程度上減輕了他們所受宗教迫害的程度;馬蘭諾社團(tuán)遍布各地,夸大了其自身的影響力;在書籍編譯,醫(yī)學(xué)政治等方面都做出了貢獻(xiàn)。 通過分析發(fā)現(xiàn),葡萄牙馬蘭諾比西班牙馬蘭諾信仰更堅(jiān)定,生命力更頑強(qiáng)。從本土境外葡萄牙馬蘭諾生存狀況的對(duì)比,我們可以看出,宗教迫害越嚴(yán)重的地方,馬蘭諾的生存狀況越惡劣,反抗意識(shí)越強(qiáng)烈,能夠發(fā)揮的正面作用越。环粗,在一個(gè)寬松和諧的環(huán)境中,則能夠帶來各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的繁榮!
[Abstract]:Malanno research is an important issue to study the existence of Jews, especially in the study of the existence of Jews in the Middle Ages. Malanno is the product of the anti-Semitic movement in the Middle Ages, so the study of Malanno's existence can also give people a more comprehensive understanding of anti-Semitic history. In addition, Malanno's insistence on his beliefs, the spirit of Malanno's struggle with life, Malanno's contribution to the world can give us a lot of inspiration. This paper is mainly divided into two parts: the appearance and survival of Malanno in Portugal The first part is to study local grapes The existence of Malanno. First of all, the analysis of Malanno, Portugal, the root cause of Malanno, Portugal, was mainly from the Jewish, Christian and Jewish differences. An analysis of the permanent identity of the Jews. The Jewish nature of the Jews determined their monotheistic beliefs, the unique way of life and values that were unacceptable to non-Jews; the differences between Christianity and Judaism on the teachings of the Jews, and the special conditions of the generation. The source, all determined its attitude towards the Jews, the Jewish people's identity not only the Christian social identity, the Jews themselves also agreed, This also determines the situation of the Jews. The direct cause is mainly analyzed from both the general public and the Portuguese government. The general population is mainly driven by religious prejudice and jealousy. The Portuguese government mainly A result of balancing economic interests and political interests. Malanno, Portugal The generation adopted is the form of collective reform. At the first stage, Malano, Portugal, was subjected to a relatively tolerant period of time from the 鈥減ure decree鈥,
本文編號(hào):2278715
[Abstract]:Malanno research is an important issue to study the existence of Jews, especially in the study of the existence of Jews in the Middle Ages. Malanno is the product of the anti-Semitic movement in the Middle Ages, so the study of Malanno's existence can also give people a more comprehensive understanding of anti-Semitic history. In addition, Malanno's insistence on his beliefs, the spirit of Malanno's struggle with life, Malanno's contribution to the world can give us a lot of inspiration. This paper is mainly divided into two parts: the appearance and survival of Malanno in Portugal The first part is to study local grapes The existence of Malanno. First of all, the analysis of Malanno, Portugal, the root cause of Malanno, Portugal, was mainly from the Jewish, Christian and Jewish differences. An analysis of the permanent identity of the Jews. The Jewish nature of the Jews determined their monotheistic beliefs, the unique way of life and values that were unacceptable to non-Jews; the differences between Christianity and Judaism on the teachings of the Jews, and the special conditions of the generation. The source, all determined its attitude towards the Jews, the Jewish people's identity not only the Christian social identity, the Jews themselves also agreed, This also determines the situation of the Jews. The direct cause is mainly analyzed from both the general public and the Portuguese government. The general population is mainly driven by religious prejudice and jealousy. The Portuguese government mainly A result of balancing economic interests and political interests. Malanno, Portugal The generation adopted is the form of collective reform. At the first stage, Malano, Portugal, was subjected to a relatively tolerant period of time from the 鈥減ure decree鈥,
本文編號(hào):2278715
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