約翰遜政府的東西方貿(mào)易管制政策
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-10-14 20:42
【摘要】： 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束后,美國政府及其西方盟國開始對(duì)所有社會(huì)主義國家實(shí)行貿(mào)易禁運(yùn)。在杜魯門、艾森豪威爾任職期間,都是以強(qiáng)硬政策為主。自肯尼迪時(shí)期開始,美國政府內(nèi)部出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于松動(dòng)對(duì)東西方貿(mào)易管制的主張和意向。這一點(diǎn)被約翰遜政府繼承下來,并在某些方面有所發(fā)展。 20世紀(jì)60年代中后期,由于國際社會(huì)風(fēng)云變化較以前更為激烈復(fù)雜,美國又被越來越深的拖入越戰(zhàn)泥潭不能自拔,在對(duì)社會(huì)主義國家的貿(mào)易管制問題上,約翰遜政府受到的制約因素也較以前多。美國政府不得不更多的考慮,如何緩和與蘇聯(lián)的關(guān)系。其盟國和政府內(nèi)部主張緩和對(duì)社會(huì)主義國家貿(mào)易管制的呼聲也越來越高。“搭橋政策”即是在這種背景下提出的。但美國會(huì)中的反對(duì)派百般阻撓,他們?cè)骱迻|西方貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)大,反對(duì)技術(shù)出口。 1968年,蘇聯(lián)入侵捷克斯洛伐克后,約翰遜政府想通過立法緩和東西方貿(mào)易管制的愿望夭折。但約翰遜政府在擴(kuò)大與蘇聯(lián)集團(tuán)國貿(mào)易的問題上,也做了一些實(shí)質(zhì)性的調(diào)整,并取得了一些成就。為其后任尼克松政府成功調(diào)整美國的對(duì)外戰(zhàn)略奠定了基礎(chǔ)。 雖然約翰遜政府放寬了對(duì)蘇聯(lián)集團(tuán)國的貿(mào)易管制,但對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的大陸中國,仍以延續(xù)艾森豪威爾政府時(shí)期的“中國差別”政策為主。肯尼迪總統(tǒng)曾考慮在第二任內(nèi)重新審議對(duì)華政策,但約翰遜上任后,由于越戰(zhàn)原因,轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)華政策并沒有正式提上日程。約翰遜政府只在改善中美關(guān)系方面采取過一些試探性的措施,其東西方貿(mào)易管制政策的基本取向是拉攏蘇聯(lián)、東歐,孤立中國、北越、北朝鮮和古巴。 盡管美國對(duì)蘇聯(lián)、中國等社會(huì)主義陣營國實(shí)施的貿(mào)易管制政策是為了“國家安全保障的需要”。但是,美國實(shí)行出口管制近50年的歷史表明,該政策并沒有成功的實(shí)現(xiàn)既促進(jìn)國家安全和外交繁榮,又促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的目標(biāo),卻阻礙了美國的出口,給美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成巨大損失。這一政策也使美國與其西方盟國的關(guān)系進(jìn)一步惡化。
[Abstract]:After the end of World War II, the United States and its Western allies imposed a trade embargo on all socialist countries. In Truman, Eisenhower's tenure was dominated by tough policies. Since the Kennedy period, the idea and intention of loosening the East-West trade control appeared in the American government. This was inherited by the Johnson administration and developed in some ways. In the mid and late 1960s, as the international community changed more violently than before, The United States has been dragged deeper and deeper into the Vietnam War, and the Johnson administration has been subjected to more restrictive factors than before on the issue of trade control in socialist countries. The US government had to think more about how to ease relations with the Soviet Union. Its allies and governments are increasingly clamoring for easing trade controls on socialist countries. The bridging policy was put forward against this background. But the opposition in the United States would block it in every way. They hated the expansion of trade between East and West and opposed the export of technology. In 1968, after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, The Johnson administration's desire to pass legislation to ease trade controls between East and West died. But the Johnson administration also made some substantial adjustments and made some achievements in expanding trade with the Soviet bloc. It laid the foundation for the successful adjustment of American foreign strategy under the Nixon administration. Although the Johnson administration relaxed trade controls on the Soviet bloc countries, the mainland China at that time was still continuing the "China difference" policy of the Eisenhower Administration. President Kennedy had considered reconsidering China policy during his second term, but since Johnson took office, the change in China policy has not been formally put on the agenda because of the Vietnam War. The Johnson administration has only taken some tentative measures to improve relations between China and the United States. Its East-West trade control policy is basically oriented towards attracting the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, isolating China, North Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba. Although the United States to the Soviet Union, China and other socialist camp trade control policy is to "national security needs." However, the nearly 50 years of history of export controls in the United States have shown that the policy has not succeeded in achieving the goal of promoting national security and diplomatic prosperity as well as economic prosperity, but has hindered the export of the United States. Inflict enormous losses on the domestic economy of the United States. This policy has also further deteriorated relations between the United States and its Western allies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：F746;K712.54
本文編號(hào)：2271584
[Abstract]:After the end of World War II, the United States and its Western allies imposed a trade embargo on all socialist countries. In Truman, Eisenhower's tenure was dominated by tough policies. Since the Kennedy period, the idea and intention of loosening the East-West trade control appeared in the American government. This was inherited by the Johnson administration and developed in some ways. In the mid and late 1960s, as the international community changed more violently than before, The United States has been dragged deeper and deeper into the Vietnam War, and the Johnson administration has been subjected to more restrictive factors than before on the issue of trade control in socialist countries. The US government had to think more about how to ease relations with the Soviet Union. Its allies and governments are increasingly clamoring for easing trade controls on socialist countries. The bridging policy was put forward against this background. But the opposition in the United States would block it in every way. They hated the expansion of trade between East and West and opposed the export of technology. In 1968, after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, The Johnson administration's desire to pass legislation to ease trade controls between East and West died. But the Johnson administration also made some substantial adjustments and made some achievements in expanding trade with the Soviet bloc. It laid the foundation for the successful adjustment of American foreign strategy under the Nixon administration. Although the Johnson administration relaxed trade controls on the Soviet bloc countries, the mainland China at that time was still continuing the "China difference" policy of the Eisenhower Administration. President Kennedy had considered reconsidering China policy during his second term, but since Johnson took office, the change in China policy has not been formally put on the agenda because of the Vietnam War. The Johnson administration has only taken some tentative measures to improve relations between China and the United States. Its East-West trade control policy is basically oriented towards attracting the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, isolating China, North Vietnam, North Korea and Cuba. Although the United States to the Soviet Union, China and other socialist camp trade control policy is to "national security needs." However, the nearly 50 years of history of export controls in the United States have shown that the policy has not succeeded in achieving the goal of promoting national security and diplomatic prosperity as well as economic prosperity, but has hindered the export of the United States. Inflict enormous losses on the domestic economy of the United States. This policy has also further deteriorated relations between the United States and its Western allies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：F746;K712.54
【引證文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前1條
1 吳敏;計(jì)算機(jī)與冷戰(zhàn)—美國對(duì)蘇聯(lián)和中國限制出口計(jì)算機(jī)政策（1949-1979）[D];東北師范大學(xué);2011年
，本文編號(hào)：2271584
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