門戶開放：20世紀上半期美國擴張戰(zhàn)略的歷史軌跡
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-11 18:30
【摘要】： 本文旨在討論門戶開放政策的緣起、形成和發(fā)展變化,以期揭示出美國在20世紀上半葉實施的“門戶開放”政策所映現(xiàn)的從東北到中國全境,從中國到亞洲太平洋地區(qū),從亞太地區(qū)到歐洲,直到實現(xiàn)美國倡導下的全球“門戶開放”的擴張軌跡。 三次“門戶開放”照會的提出,標志著美國“門戶開放”政策的形成。美國國內(nèi)的擴張主義思潮是“門戶開放”政策出臺的思想動因;從美西戰(zhàn)爭中獲得的巨大利益是美國實行門戶擴張政策的另一主要動因;“門戶開放”政策的出臺還是美國處于特殊歷史階段進行擴張的產(chǎn)物。在“門戶開放”政策的形成階段,美國以中國的東北為重點,同時也在歐洲國際事務(wù)中貫徹其“門戶開放”擴張戰(zhàn)略,通過制衡、仲裁等手段,初步確立自己的大國地位。 從1913年3月美國退出六國銀行團的善后大借款,一直到1917年11月美國就中國的“門戶開放”政策達成重新確認的《藍辛—石井協(xié)定》的之后幾年內(nèi),是“門戶開放”政策向中國全境的拓展時期。在這一階段,面對日本的經(jīng)濟和軍事擴張,美國囿于自己在中國的實力,在推行門戶開放原則時,采取了“政治確認”、“將來再議”的外交戰(zhàn)略。也就是說,這期間美國在實施門戶開放擴張戰(zhàn)略的過程中堅持了妥協(xié)性與擴張性并行的靈活性原則,并打著尊重中國行政與領(lǐng)土完整的幌子,在國際道義上享有虛譽。 “門戶開放”政策向亞太地區(qū)的延伸,大致上是從1918年1月威爾遜發(fā)表十四點原則,一直到1922年2月華盛頓會議簽訂《九國公約》后的十年間。在本階段推行“門戶開放”政策的過程中,起初囿于自己的軍事實力和政治利益的美國并不太成功,其推行的歐亞統(tǒng)籌開放和區(qū)域經(jīng)濟遏制都基本上歸于失敗,但在后來的華盛頓會議上,美國把門戶開放原則作為國際協(xié)定法制化,使“門戶開放”政策更加完善,美國對這一政策的推行也達到高潮。 從1932年1月美國國務(wù)卿亨利·史汀生發(fā)布不承認照會,到1944年7月布雷頓森林會議,是門戶擴張政策在歐亞和太平洋地區(qū)一度受挫,但不久即進而泛化,并最終從門戶開放向美國世界霸權(quán)外交政策過渡的時代。這一時期,美國先后把門戶開放原則作為戰(zhàn)前對日、德綏靖的前提,作為戰(zhàn)時向盟國提供援助的條件。在戰(zhàn)后,美國又把這一原則作為世界貿(mào)易自由化的核心,并最終通過這項原則,在全球推行霸權(quán)。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origin, formation and development of the open door policy, in order to reveal the "open door" policy that the United States carried out in the first half of the 20th century, from the Northeast to the whole territory of China, from China to the Asia-Pacific region. From Asia-Pacific to Europe, until the US-sponsored global "open door" expansion trajectory. Three notes of "open door" marked the formation of American "open door" policy. The expansionist trend of thought in the United States is the ideological driver of the "open door" policy, and the enormous benefits gained from the Spanish-American War are the other main reasons for the United States to carry out the policy of portal expansion. The introduction of the open door policy is also the product of the expansion of the United States at a special historical stage. In the formative stage of the "open door" policy, the United States focused on the northeast of China, at the same time, carried out its "open door" expansion strategy in European international affairs, and preliminarily established its position as a big country by means of checks and balances, arbitration and other means. The period from March 1913, when the United States withdrew from the six countries' bank group, to the period after the United States reached a reconfirmation of China's "open door" policy in November 1917, was a few years after the "Lansin-Ishii Agreement" was reached. It is a period of expansion of the "open door" policy to all parts of China. At this stage, in the face of Japan's economic and military expansion, the United States, constrained by its own strength in China, adopted a diplomatic strategy of "political confirmation" and "renegotiation in the future" when carrying out the principle of opening up to the outside world. In other words, during this period, the United States adhered to the principle of flexibility of compromise and expansibility in the course of carrying out the strategy of open door expansion. Under the guise of respecting China's administrative and territorial integrity, the United States enjoyed an international moral reputation. The extension of the "Open door" policy to the Asia-Pacific region ranged from the 14:00 principle published by Wilson in January 1918 to the decade after the signing of the Nine Convention by the Washington Conference in February 1922. In the process of carrying out the "open door" policy at this stage, the United States, which was initially confined to its own military strength and political interests, was not very successful. However, at the Washington Conference, the United States legalized the principle of open door as an international agreement, which made the policy of "open door" more perfect, and the implementation of this policy reached a climax in the United States. From January 1932, when US Secretary of State Henry Stimson issued a note of denial, to the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, it was a setback in the Eurasian and Pacific region, but soon expanded. And finally from the open door to the United States world hegemonic foreign policy transition era. During this period, the United States successively regarded the open door principle as the precondition of appeasement to Japan and Germany before the war, and as a condition of providing assistance to the allies in wartime. After the war, the United States took this principle as the core of the liberalization of world trade, and finally carried out hegemony in the world through this principle.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.5
本文編號：2237517
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to discuss the origin, formation and development of the open door policy, in order to reveal the "open door" policy that the United States carried out in the first half of the 20th century, from the Northeast to the whole territory of China, from China to the Asia-Pacific region. From Asia-Pacific to Europe, until the US-sponsored global "open door" expansion trajectory. Three notes of "open door" marked the formation of American "open door" policy. The expansionist trend of thought in the United States is the ideological driver of the "open door" policy, and the enormous benefits gained from the Spanish-American War are the other main reasons for the United States to carry out the policy of portal expansion. The introduction of the open door policy is also the product of the expansion of the United States at a special historical stage. In the formative stage of the "open door" policy, the United States focused on the northeast of China, at the same time, carried out its "open door" expansion strategy in European international affairs, and preliminarily established its position as a big country by means of checks and balances, arbitration and other means. The period from March 1913, when the United States withdrew from the six countries' bank group, to the period after the United States reached a reconfirmation of China's "open door" policy in November 1917, was a few years after the "Lansin-Ishii Agreement" was reached. It is a period of expansion of the "open door" policy to all parts of China. At this stage, in the face of Japan's economic and military expansion, the United States, constrained by its own strength in China, adopted a diplomatic strategy of "political confirmation" and "renegotiation in the future" when carrying out the principle of opening up to the outside world. In other words, during this period, the United States adhered to the principle of flexibility of compromise and expansibility in the course of carrying out the strategy of open door expansion. Under the guise of respecting China's administrative and territorial integrity, the United States enjoyed an international moral reputation. The extension of the "Open door" policy to the Asia-Pacific region ranged from the 14:00 principle published by Wilson in January 1918 to the decade after the signing of the Nine Convention by the Washington Conference in February 1922. In the process of carrying out the "open door" policy at this stage, the United States, which was initially confined to its own military strength and political interests, was not very successful. However, at the Washington Conference, the United States legalized the principle of open door as an international agreement, which made the policy of "open door" more perfect, and the implementation of this policy reached a climax in the United States. From January 1932, when US Secretary of State Henry Stimson issued a note of denial, to the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, it was a setback in the Eurasian and Pacific region, but soon expanded. And finally from the open door to the United States world hegemonic foreign policy transition era. During this period, the United States successively regarded the open door principle as the precondition of appeasement to Japan and Germany before the war, and as a condition of providing assistance to the allies in wartime. After the war, the United States took this principle as the core of the liberalization of world trade, and finally carried out hegemony in the world through this principle.
【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2007
【分類號】：K712.5
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