1932～1933年烏克蘭大饑荒研究
發(fā)布時間：2018-09-06 13:12
【摘要】：饑荒是人類悲劇的三大根源之一,是人類社會發(fā)展過程中一個極度不和諧的音符。作為蘇聯(lián)時代的三次饑荒之一,1932～1933年的大饑荒尤為值得關(guān)注。這不僅是因為蘇聯(lián)政府長期隱瞞饑荒的真相,還因為號稱“歐洲糧倉”的烏克蘭也是受害最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)之一。烏克蘭大饑荒是蘇聯(lián)歷史上一個無法回避的沉重話題。我國目前對此課題的研究還比較薄弱。本文多方收集資料,詳細(xì)回顧了這場大饑荒發(fā)生、發(fā)展和消退的全過程,分析、探討了饑荒發(fā)生的主要原因及其后果和影響,并對近年來有關(guān)各方在饑荒性質(zhì)和死亡人數(shù)這兩個焦點問題上的爭論提出了自己的看法。 蘇聯(lián)實施的國家工業(yè)化戰(zhàn)略是烏克蘭大饑荒發(fā)生的宏觀背景。在這一背景下考察饑荒的原因,可以得出三點:一是自然災(zāi)害、農(nóng)業(yè)全盤集體化和消滅富農(nóng)等因素導(dǎo)致1931～1932年烏克蘭連續(xù)兩年糧食歉收,這是饑荒發(fā)生的誘因。二是農(nóng)民為工業(yè)化付出了巨大的代價,政府從農(nóng)民手里拿走過多的糧食,忽視農(nóng)民的生存和發(fā)展權(quán),為適應(yīng)工業(yè)化戰(zhàn)略而建立的計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制排斥市場的作用。三是為了確保工業(yè)化的順利進(jìn)行,蘇聯(lián)政府對饑荒反應(yīng)消極,封鎖消息、救濟(jì)工作滯后是其嚴(yán)重過失。這一歷史性悲劇造成烏克蘭人口大量損失,人口構(gòu)成發(fā)生很大改變,社會結(jié)構(gòu)也出現(xiàn)重大變化,特別是在烏克蘭爭取獨(dú)立及努力融入西方社會的過程中,堅持把饑荒作為抨擊斯大林政權(quán)的有力武器,嚴(yán)重影響了當(dāng)今烏俄兩國的關(guān)系,導(dǎo)致兩個民族之間的裂痕加深。 關(guān)于饑荒死亡人數(shù),爭論各方分歧極大。比較符合歷史事實的說法是烏克蘭在大饑荒中損失400萬～500萬人口。關(guān)于饑荒性質(zhì),則無論從饑荒發(fā)生地域和受害對象,或是從饑荒發(fā)生后蘇聯(lián)政府采取的賑災(zāi)措施等方面看,所謂“種族滅絕”說是缺乏依據(jù)的。這次饑荒為社會主義國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和社會發(fā)展提供了深刻的教訓(xùn)。
[Abstract]:Famine is one of the three root causes of human tragedy and an extremely disharmonious note in the development of human society. As one of the three famines in the Soviet era, the Great Famine from 1932 to 1933 was of particular concern. This is not only because the Soviet government has long concealed the truth about famine, but also because Ukraine, known as the "European granary," is one of the hardest hit. The famine in Ukraine is a heavy topic in Soviet history. At present, the research on this subject is relatively weak in our country. This paper reviews the whole process of the occurrence, development and decline of the famine in detail, and discusses the main causes, consequences and effects of the famine. The author also puts forward his own views on the two focal issues of famine nature and death toll in recent years. The national industrialization strategy implemented by the Soviet Union is the macro background of the great famine in Ukraine. Under this background, the causes of famine can be concluded as follows: first, natural disasters, agricultural collectivization and elimination of rich peasants led to grain failure in Ukraine for two consecutive years from 1931 to 1932, which was the cause of famine. Second, farmers have paid a huge price for industrialization. The government has taken more grain from farmers' hands, ignored the peasants' survival and development rights, and excluded the market from the planned economic system set up to adapt to the industrialization strategy. Third, in order to ensure the smooth progress of industrialization, the Soviet government responded passively to famine, blocked the news, and delayed relief work is its serious fault. This historic tragedy has resulted in a great loss of population, great changes in the demographic composition and significant changes in the social fabric of Ukraine, especially in the process of Ukraine's struggle for independence and its integration into Western society, Insisting on famine as a powerful weapon for criticizing Stalin's regime has seriously affected the relations between Ukraine and Russia, which has led to the deepening of the rift between the two peoples. There is great disagreement over the death toll from famine. A more historical statement is that Ukraine lost 4 million to 5 million people during the Great Famine. With regard to the nature of the famine, the so-called "genocide" theory is lacking in terms of its occurrence region and victims, as well as the relief measures taken by the Soviet government after the famine. The famine provided a profound lesson for the economic construction and social development of socialist countries.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘇州科技學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K512.53
本文編號：2226453
[Abstract]:Famine is one of the three root causes of human tragedy and an extremely disharmonious note in the development of human society. As one of the three famines in the Soviet era, the Great Famine from 1932 to 1933 was of particular concern. This is not only because the Soviet government has long concealed the truth about famine, but also because Ukraine, known as the "European granary," is one of the hardest hit. The famine in Ukraine is a heavy topic in Soviet history. At present, the research on this subject is relatively weak in our country. This paper reviews the whole process of the occurrence, development and decline of the famine in detail, and discusses the main causes, consequences and effects of the famine. The author also puts forward his own views on the two focal issues of famine nature and death toll in recent years. The national industrialization strategy implemented by the Soviet Union is the macro background of the great famine in Ukraine. Under this background, the causes of famine can be concluded as follows: first, natural disasters, agricultural collectivization and elimination of rich peasants led to grain failure in Ukraine for two consecutive years from 1931 to 1932, which was the cause of famine. Second, farmers have paid a huge price for industrialization. The government has taken more grain from farmers' hands, ignored the peasants' survival and development rights, and excluded the market from the planned economic system set up to adapt to the industrialization strategy. Third, in order to ensure the smooth progress of industrialization, the Soviet government responded passively to famine, blocked the news, and delayed relief work is its serious fault. This historic tragedy has resulted in a great loss of population, great changes in the demographic composition and significant changes in the social fabric of Ukraine, especially in the process of Ukraine's struggle for independence and its integration into Western society, Insisting on famine as a powerful weapon for criticizing Stalin's regime has seriously affected the relations between Ukraine and Russia, which has led to the deepening of the rift between the two peoples. There is great disagreement over the death toll from famine. A more historical statement is that Ukraine lost 4 million to 5 million people during the Great Famine. With regard to the nature of the famine, the so-called "genocide" theory is lacking in terms of its occurrence region and victims, as well as the relief measures taken by the Soviet government after the famine. The famine provided a profound lesson for the economic construction and social development of socialist countries.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘇州科技學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號】：K512.53
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